Macrophage repolarization using emu oil-based electrospun nanofibers: possible application in regenerative medicine

Abstract

In the regenerative medicine therapies, the availability of engineered scaffolds that modulate inflammatory states is highly required. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficiency of electrospun nanofibrous scaffolds containing natural substances with anti-inflammatory properties such as Emu oil (EO) to control inflammation and re-polarization of macrophages toward M2 anti-inflammatory phonotype. For this purpose, bead free and smooth EO-blended PCL/PEG electrospun nanofibrous mats were successfully fabricated and characterized using FE-SEM, FTIR, and Universal Testing Machine. GC/MS findings of pure EO revealed the fatty acids composition. MTT results showed that macrophage viability on EO-PCL/PEG nanofibres was higher than on PCL/PEG nanofibres and control (p ≤ .05). Additionally, the presence of EO into nanofibres was found to influence on macrophage morphologies, using FE-SEM. qPCR results showed a reduction in iNOS-2 and an increase in Arg-1 levels of macrophages seeded on EO-PCL/PEG nanofibres, indicating the successfully polarization of the macrophages to M2 phenotype. The change in macrophage phenotype on EO-based nanofibres could suppress the inflammation in LPS/IFN-γ stimulated macrophages as evidenced by a major reduction in pro-inflammatory cytokine levels TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6. Conclusively, the results demonstrated that EO-based nanofibres efficiently modulated RAW264.7 macrophage polarity toward an anti-inflammatory M2 phenotype.

Spotlight on 17‐AAG as an Hsp90 inhibitor for molecular targeted cancer treatment

“…In recent years, advances in nanomaterials‐based drug delivery carriers have paved the way for overcoming these obstacles (Deldar, Zarghami, Pilehvar‐Soltanahmadi, Dadashpour, & Zarghami, ; Farajzadeh et al., ; Montazeri et al., ). The main advantages of nanocarriers for anticancer drugs include improved therapeutic effect, extended half‐life in the bloodstream, increased water solubility, improved stability, selective delivery to specific site, and decreased hepatotoxicity (Firouzi‐Amandi et al., ; Jalilzadeh‐Tabrizi et al., ; Nejati‐Koshki, Mortazavi, Pilehvar‐Soltanahmadi, Sheoran, & Zarghami, ; Zamani, Pilehvar‐Soltanahmadi, Alizadeh, & Zarghami, ). Despite these benefits, each nanocarrier has some drawbacks, which are discussed below.…”

Recent Advances in Cell Electrospining of Natural and Synthetic Nanofibers for Regenerative Medicine

“…Chitin and special derivatives could by fostering the fibroblastic synthesis of collagen in the initial days of lesion healing, accelerate tensile force of lesions [53]. Chitin nanofiber scaffolds have exhibited a proportionately better adhesion and distribution behavior of normal human keratinocytes and fibroblasts, and these scaffolds entirely degraded in rat subcutaneous grafting within 28 days, without any inflammatory reaction [54]. The insolubility of chitin in most organic solvents has restricted its use in numerous applications.…”

“…Because of the numerous advantages of chitosan such as tailorable biodegradability, good biocompatibility, nontoxic, low immunogenicity, and inherent antibacterial and hemostatic activity that are due to its polycationic nature, it is used for lesion healing. Because of the weak solubility of chitosan in organic solvents and its polyelectrolyte nature, it is a rather challenging task to produce chitosan nanofiber scaffolds [53][54][55]. Nevertheless, chitosan nanofibers with different diameters can be electrospun by using a broad variety of solvents or solvent mixtures.…”

“…Fibroin is composed of glycine and alanine as the main amino acids and serine, proline, valine, tyrosine, leucine, glutamine and arginine as remaining components [31]. Silk fibroin nanofiber scaffolds results of electrospinning have high surface area-to-volume ratio, excellent mechanical properties and broad range of pore size distribution, therefore are suitable candidate for tissue engineering applications [54]. Zhang and colleagues estimated the probability of utilizing electrospun silk fibroin scaffolds for vascular tissue engineering.…”

“…Hemoglobin is a necessary protein for oxygen transfer and recently has been electrospun as injury dressing material to support oxygen delivery to injury in tissue engineering applications [2,54]. The electrospun nanofibers exhibited a ribbon-like structure with low mechanical strength [70].…”