Malignant Transformation and Treatment Recommendations of Chronic Hyperplastic Candidiasis—A Six‐year Retrospective Cohort Study

Abstract

Background: Oral chronic hyperplastic candidiasis (CHC) is the most uncommon type of oral candidiasis with diverse manifestations. Up to date the diagnosis, long-term management and prognosis of this oral potentially malignant disorder remain obscure. Objectives:The aim of this study was to provide the recommendations guiding the diagnostic procedure, clinical management and prognosis assessment of CHC.

Oral Chronic Hyperplastic Candidiasis and Its Potential Risk of Malignant Transformation: A Systematic Review and Prevalence Meta-Analysis

“…Two articles were excluded on the basis of being case reports, whilst one last study was discarded due to its representation of in vitro research results (i.e., off-topic). Nine articles were finally selected to enter the systematic review [ 6 , 7 , 20 , 21 , 22 , 23 , 24 , 25 , 26 ]. The reviewers’ intra-agreement was considered appropriate (κ = 0.83 [95% CI: 0.75–0.89].…”

“…The studies reported a total of 274 patients with CHC. The nine reports included in the present review were conducted in different countries across three continents: Europe [ 7 , 20 , 21 , 22 , 23 , 24 ], Asia [ 6 , 25 ], and North America [ 26 ]. Whilst these reports were published between 1966 and 2021, most studies were case series or retrospective cohort studies, and the target population was always clinic-based.…”

“…The main clinical and histopathological features of the 274 patients are displayed in Table 1 and Table 2 . A total of seven studies stated the follow-up period of patients [ 6 , 7 , 21 , 22 , 24 , 25 , 26 ]. This time, they ranged between 2 and 16 years [ 22 , 24 ], with a mean of 8 years.…”

“…CHC commonly appears in the post-commissural buccal mucosa, the upper surface of the tongue, and the velum of denture users [ 1 , 3 , 4 ]. Although reported CHC incidence is low among OCs (about 1.61%) [ 5 ], its differential diagnosis is challenging since its clinical manifestations resemble the presentation of more common diseases, such as oral lichen planus and erythro-leukoplakia [ 6 ]. Another issue stands in the nomenclature.…”

Candida albicans induces upregulation of programmed death ligand 1 in oral squamous cell carcinoma

“…Our previous work revealed that 20.83% of chronic hyperplastic candidiasis (CHC) patients had varying degrees of epithelial dysplasia and 4.17% had malignant transformation. 20 Considering the potential association between C. albicans and OSCC, as well as the abilities of C. albicans to activate some signals involved in PD-L1 regulation, it is worthy of research to investigate the role of C. albicans in regulating PD-L1 expression in OSCC. In this study, we explored the expression of PD-L1 in OSCC cell lines and OSCC mice during C. albicans infection.…”