Malignant Tumors of the Female Reproductive System

Abstract

This review summarizes the epidemiology of cancer of the female reproductive system and associated lifestyle factors. It also assesses the available evidence for occupational factors associated with these cancers. Cervical, endometrial, and ovarian cancers are relatively common, and cause significant cancer morbidity and mortality worldwide, whereas vulvar, vaginal, fallopian tube cancers, and choriocarcinomas are very rare. As several lifestyle factors are known to play a major role in the etiology of these cancers, very few published studies have investigated possible relationships with occupational factors. Some occupational exposures have been associated with increased risks of these cancers, but apart from the available evidence on the relationships between asbestos fibers and ovarian cancer, and tetrachloroethylene and cervical cancer, the data is rather scarce. Given the multifactorial nature of cancers of the female reproductive system, it is of the utmost importance to conduct occupational studies that will gather detailed data on potential individual confounding factors, in particular reproductive history and other factors that influence the body's hormonal environment, together with information on socio-economic status and lifestyle factors, including physical activity from multiple sources. Studies on the mechanisms of carcinogenesis in the female reproductive organs are also needed in order to elucidate the possible role of chemical exposures in the development of these cancers.

Impact of microsatellite instability on survival of endometrial cancer patients

“…Endometrial cancer is one of mostly widespread cancers (6th place) among women worldwide, contributing to 290 000 new cases in 2008, and a standardized incidence rate of 8 per 100 000 women [1]. In Europe, endometrial cancer is the fourth most frequent cancer in women and the tenth most frequent cancer among cancer deaths.…”

New Trends of Cervical Cancer Incidence in Kazakhstan

“…A decrease in mortality among CC patients is mainly associated with systemic and opportunistic screening programs, such as routine PAP tests 16, which can be used to detect changes in cytology (Weiderpass and Labrèche, 2012). The implementation of a screening program in Kazakhstan shows good results.…”

DNA methylation data–based molecular subtype classification related to the prognosis of patients with cervical cancer

“…Unfortunately, most patients are diagnosed at an advanced stage, with poor prognosis. In addition, the 5‐year survival rate is only 60%, which is even lower in patients with distant metastasis . Despite recent advances in surgical techniques and radiotherapy and chemotherapy regimens, the 5‐year survival rate of patients with cervical cancer has been only partly enhanced, and the long‐term survival rate remains unsatisfactory .…”