Malleability of attitudes or malleability of the IAT?

HyunWoo, Han; Czellar, Sandor; Olson, Michael A.; Fázio, Russell H.

doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2009.11.011

Cited by 64 publications

(48 citation statements)

References 53 publications

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“…Because there are controversies surrounding which IAT is optimal for assessing automatic evaluations (e.g., Gawronski, Peters, & LeBel, 2008;Han, Czellar, Olson, & Fazio, 2010;Han, Olson, & Fazio, 2006;Nosek & Hansen, 2008a, 2008bOlson & Fazio, 2004;Olson, Fazio, & Han, 2009), Experiment 3 utilized the standard IAT to extend the findings from Experiments 1 and 2. Although we expected the effects of perspective taking on the two IAT variants to be comparable, it is ultimately an empirical question.…”

Section: Experiments 3: Automatic and Deliberate Interracial Evaluatiomentioning

confidence: 99%

Perspective taking combats automatic expressions of racial bias.

Todd

Bodenhausen

Richeson

et al. 2011

Journal of Personality and Social Psychology

342

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Five experiments investigated the hypothesis that perspective taking-actively contemplating others' psychological experiences-attenuates automatic expressions of racial bias. Across the first 3 experiments, participants who adopted the perspective of a Black target in an initial context subsequently exhibited more positive automatic interracial evaluations, with changes in automatic evaluations mediating the effect of perspective taking on more deliberate interracial evaluations. Furthermore, unlike other bias-reduction strategies, the interracial positivity resulting from perspective taking was accompanied by increased salience of racial inequalities (Experiment 3). Perspective taking also produced stronger approach-oriented action tendencies toward Blacks (but not Whites; Experiment 4). A final experiment revealed that face-to-face interactions with perspective takers were rated more positively by Black interaction partners than were interactions with nonperspective takers-a relationship that was mediated by perspective takers' increased approach-oriented nonverbal behaviors (as rated by objective, third-party observers). These findings indicate that perspective taking can combat automatic expressions of racial biases without simultaneously decreasing sensitivity to ongoing racial disparities.

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Section: Experiments 3: Automatic and Deliberate Interracial Evaluatiomentioning

confidence: 99%

Perspective taking combats automatic expressions of racial bias.

Todd

Bodenhausen

Richeson

et al. 2011

Journal of Personality and Social Psychology

342

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“…Research has shown that generally, implicit measures are malleable (see Han, Czellar, Olson & Fazio, 2010, for a review and some interesting considerations). Hence, the results of studies on addiction might be influenced by the circumstances under which participants were tested.…”

Section: Sample Selection and Context Effectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Implicit measures of “wanting” and “liking” in humans

Tibboel

Houwer

Bockstaele

2015

Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews

109

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Incentive Sensitization Theory (IST; e.g., Robinson & Berridge, 1993; suggests that a common dopamine system that deals with incentive salience attribution is affected by different types of drugs. Repeated drug use will sensitize this neural system, which means that drugs increasingly trigger the experience of incentive salience or "wanting". Importantly, Robinson and Berridge stress that there is a dissociation between drug "wanting" (the unconscious attribution of incentive salience) and drug "liking" (the unconscious hedonic experience when one consumes drugs). Whereas the former plays an essential role in the development and maintenance of drug addiction, the latter does not. Although this model was based mainly on research with non-human animals, more recently the dissociation between "wanting" and "liking" has been examined in humans as well. A widely used and promising means of studying these processes are behavioral implicit measures such as the Implicit Association Test (IAT), the Approach-Avoidance Task (AAT), different types of StimulusResponse Compatibility (SRC) tasks, and Affective Simon Tasks (AST).IST makes the clear prediction that (1) there should be a positive correlation between indices of "wanting" (e.g., drug consumption) and implicit "wanting" scores. Similarly, there should be a positive correlation between indices of "liking" (e.g., various expressions of subjective pleasure) and implicit "liking" scores; (2) there should be higher "wanting" scores in substance abusers or frequent substance users compared to non-users or infrequent users, and there should be no differences in "liking" between these groups (or even less "liking" in frequent substance users); (3) manipulations of "wanting" should affect implicit "wanting" scores whereas manipulations of "liking" should affect implicit "liking" scores. However, studies that tested these hypotheses did not produce equivocal results. To shed light on these discrepancies, we first discuss the different definitions of "wanting" and "liking" and the different tests that have been used to assess these processes. Then, we discuss whether it is 3 reasonable to assume that these tests are valid measures of "wanting" and "liking" and we review correlational, quasi-experimental, and experimental studies that inform us about this issue. Finally, we discuss the future potential of implicit measures in research on IST and make several recommendations to improve both theory and methodology. 4

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“…We believe future research should focus on clarifying the conditions under which the systems There are also methodological lines of future study. First, it is necessary to continue reviewing and improving the techniques used to measure implicit processes in order that these techniques effectively measure what they are meant to measure (Payne et al, 2008;Han et al, 2010). Additionally, in the field of traffic psychology, it is important to continue promoting multi-method approaches that use other sources of data (e.g., observations in natural setting, driving simulators, etc.)…”

Section: Limitations and Future Lines Of Researchmentioning

confidence: 99%