Manufacturing of carbide tools by Selective Laser Melting

Uhlmann, Eckart; Bergmann, André; Bolz, Robert

doi:10.1016/j.promfg.2018.02.182

Cited by 21 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 1 publication

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“…Some studies suggest that according to the ternary phase diagram of W-C-Co, decarburization promotes the formation of ternary brittle phases [117,118]. The evaporation of Co also makes the sample brittle [81]. Cracks form under the effect of residual stress [80].…”

Section: Microstructurementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Because this heating is not uniform, there is a high-temperature difference between the molten pool and other areas, which results in very high longitudinal and transverse tensile residual stresses in the track after solidification [80]. High temperature in SLM causes evaporation of Co, which will lead to a decrease in the toughness of the material [81]. Cramer et al suggested that a decrease in Co content increases the ternary phase generation window using a W-C-Co tenary phase diagram [77].…”

Section: Defectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Defects in AM WC-Co samples and the causes Co and formation of brittle ternary phases combine with residual stress[69,80,81,129,134].PoresInappropriate energy density; unevenly distributed of powder; residual moisture; evaporation of the binder phase[65,103] …”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Additive manufacturing of WC-Co hardmetals: a review

Yang

Zhang

Wang

et al. 2020

Int J Adv Manuf Technol

112

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WC-Co hardmetals are widely used in wear-resistant parts, cutting tools, molds, and mining parts, owing to the combination of high hardness and high toughness. WC-Co hardmetal parts are usually produced by casting and powder metallurgy, which cannot manufacture parts with complex geometries and often require post-processing such as machining. Additive manufacturing (AM) technologies are able to fabricate parts with high geometric complexity and reduce post-processing. Therefore, additive manufacturing of WC-Co hardmetals has been widely studied in recent years. In this article, the current status of additive manufacturing of WC-Co hardmetals is reviewed. The advantages and disadvantages of different AM processes used for producing WC-Co parts, including selective laser melting (SLM), selective electron beam melting (SEBM), binder jet additive manufacturing (BJAM), 3D gel-printing (3DGP), and fused filament fabrication (FFF) are discussed. The studies on microstructures, defects, and mechanical properties of WC-Co parts manufactured by different AM processes are reviewed. Finally, the remaining challenges in additive manufacturing of WC-Co hardmetals are pointed out and suggestions on future research are discussed.

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Section: Microstructurementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Defectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Additive manufacturing of WC-Co hardmetals: a review

Yang

Zhang

Wang

et al. 2020

Int J Adv Manuf Technol

112

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“…First approaches to build crack‐free dense parts have been conducted in recent years . Process parameters, such as laser power and scanning speed, have been found to be crucial to obtain high material density . Several problems have been identified that prevent a reliable production of LPBF parts made of WC–Co.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Laser‐Based Additive Manufacturing of WC–Co with High‐Temperature Powder Bed Preheating^†

Fries

Genilke

Wilms

et al. 2020

steel research int.

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The field of additive manufacturing (AM), and especially laser powder‐bed fusion (LPBF), is constantly growing. Process windows for a large variety of materials are already developed. Nevertheless, some materials are still difficult to manufacture with LPBF. One of these materials is the tungsten carbide/cobalt‐based hard metal (WC–Co), which is conventionally produced by powder metallurgy including liquid‐phase sintering. Most approaches to manufacture WC–Co with LPBF show a high porosity, undesirable phases in the microstructure, and inhomogeneous carbide distribution. However, the production of WC–Co cutting tools by LPBF will offer some benefits such as production of geometrically optimized inner cooling channels or optimized geometry of the cutting edges. Herein, WC with 17 wt% Co is processed by LPBF with a powder‐bed heating of 900 °C. Afterwards microstructure, density, and hardness are determined. In addition, X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis is performed to determine the phase composition. To investigate the edge‐holding properties of LPBF‐manufactured WC–Co cutting tools, stock removal tests are conducted on three different workpiece materials.

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“…Manufacturing WC carbides using the SLM process could be an alternative method to produce difficult-to-machine and near net shape hardmetal parts. In recent years, several studies have been carried out on SLS and SLM of these materials [1,4,15,16,17,18,19,20,21]. The greatest difficulties encountered in processing WC-based hardmetals through these processes concern the residual porosity and the formation of cracks.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Printability and Microstructure of Selective Laser Melting of WC/Co/Cr Powder

et al. 2019

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The selective laser melting process is a growing technology for the manufacture of parts with very complex geometry. However, not all materials are suitable for this process, involving rapid localized melting and solidification. Tungsten has difficulties due to the high melting temperature. This study focuses on the possibility of processing a WC/Co/Cr composite powder using selective laser melting. Samples were fabricated and characterized in terms of density, defects, microstructure and hardness. Tests were conducted with hatch spacing of 120 μm and process speed of 40 mm/s. A constant laser power of 100 W and a powder layer thickness of 30 μm were used. A relative density of 97.53%, and therefore a low porosity, was obtained at an energy density of 12.5 J/mm2. Microscopic examination revealed the presence of small cracks and a very heterogeneous distribution of the grain size.

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Manufacturing of carbide tools by Selective Laser Melting

Cited by 21 publications

References 1 publication

Additive manufacturing of WC-Co hardmetals: a review

Additive manufacturing of WC-Co hardmetals: a review

Laser‐Based Additive Manufacturing of WC–Co with High‐Temperature Powder Bed Preheating^†

Printability and Microstructure of Selective Laser Melting of WC/Co/Cr Powder

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Manufacturing of carbide tools by Selective Laser Melting

Cited by 21 publications

References 1 publication

Additive manufacturing of WC-Co hardmetals: a review

Additive manufacturing of WC-Co hardmetals: a review

Laser‐Based Additive Manufacturing of WC–Co with High‐Temperature Powder Bed Preheating†

Printability and Microstructure of Selective Laser Melting of WC/Co/Cr Powder

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Product

Resources

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Laser‐Based Additive Manufacturing of WC–Co with High‐Temperature Powder Bed Preheating^†