Material cost model for innovative li-ion battery cells in electric vehicle applications

Abstract

Due to global warming and the rise of the CO 2 emissions electric mobility is in the focus. In this case costs for li-ion batteries and especially the material costs are the main cost drivers for electric vehicles. The aim of this paper is to develop a material cost model which can evaluate cell chemistry alternatives for li-ion battery anodes and cathodes. A focus is set on innovative cell chemistries which currently are not using in mass production. The presented model is based on bottom-up approach which can calculate costs and cell performance together to determine the ratio of material cost and energy. The general results are complemented with a case study that assesses that active material with a high specific energy can help reducing the material costs and improves cell performance parameters.

Exploring the Economic Potential of Sodium-Ion Batteries

“…According to Equation (1) and using the raw material prices provided in the supplementary information (SI), a price of 23.42 €/kg is obtained for the NMC active material (more specifically NMC 333 , that is, containing stoichiometrically equivalent shares of nickel, manganese, and cobalt; hereafter referred to as NMC), and of 12.46 €/kg for NMMT. The NMC price obtained in this way is well between the values published in the literature (19-28 €/kg) [17,[21][22][23][24][25][26]. Since no information about the baseline cost of phosphate compounds such as LFP is publicly available, Equation 1is not applicable directly to this material.…”

“…Since no information about the baseline cost of phosphate compounds such as LFP is publicly available, Equation 1is not applicable directly to this material. Calculating with the same baseline costs as for layered oxides, an LFP price of 13.9 € can nevertheless be obtained, which is significantly lower than the values that can be found in the literature [17,21,22,24,25]. For this reason, the price of the LFP active material is not calculated explicitly via Equation 1, but the average value from the literature is taken instead (16.4 €/kg) [17,21,24,25].…”

A modeling framework to assess specific energy, costs and environmental impacts of Li-ion and Na-ion batteries

“…State-of-the-art modeling approaches for battery cell assessment include the Argonne National Laboratory Battery Performance and Cost (BatPaC) model, 15 the TIAX model, 16 the simplied Energy-Cost model by Berg et al, 17 and other [18][19][20] valuable studies evaluating performance and costs. Many of these contributions enjoy widespread appreciation in both academia and industry as they help uncover trade-offs existing between competing battery chemistries and can provide guidelines to improve battery cell design.…”

Solid versus Liquid—A Bottom‐Up Calculation Model to Analyze the Manufacturing Cost of Future High‐Energy Batteries

“…After formation, the cells are typically stored in a controlled environment for several days up to several weeks, for instance to measure the self‐discharge and to identify defective cells …”

“…Aging: After formation, the cells are typically stored in a controlled environment for several days up to several weeks, for instance to measure the self-discharge and to identify defective cells. [68] Quality Check: In a final quality check, the cell voltage, the internal resistance, and the dimensional accuracy are controlled and the cells are graded according to quality. [13]…”