Mechanisms of Damage to Coastal Structures due to the 2011 Great East Japan Tsunami

Bricker, Jeremy D.; Nakayama, Akihiko; Takagi, Hiroshi; Mitsui, Jun; Miki, Tsuneharu

doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-801060-0.00019-8

Cited by 9 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…St-Germain et al [2014] ran CFD simulations using smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPHs) to determine tsunami-induced forces on structures. Bricker et al [2015] applied large Eddy simulation (LES) CFD together with solid body motion to hindcast both the forces on and the resulting displacement of a bridge that collapsed in Noda, Iwate Prefecture. Xu and Cai [2015] used CFD together with a spring-damper model of a bridge to account for fluid-structure interaction.…”

Section: Multiscale Tsunami Simulationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Improvement of Tsunami Countermeasures Based on Lessons from The 2011 Great East Japan Earthquake and Tsunami — Situation After Five Years

Suppasri

Latcharote

Bricker

et al. 2016

Coastal Engineering Journal

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The 2011 Great East Japan Tsunami exposed many hidden weaknesses in Japan's tsunami countermeasures. Since then, many improvements have been made in both structural measures (numerical simulations, coastal defense structures, building damage assessment and control forests) and nonstructural measures (warning/observation and evacuation). This review summarizes the lessons and improvements in the five-year time period after the 2011 event. After five years, most of the lessons from the 2011 tsunami have been applied, including more realistic tsunami simulations using very fine grids, methods to strengthen coastal defense structures, building evacuations and coastal forests, improved warning content and key points to improve evacuation measures. Nevertheless, large future challenges remain, such as an advanced simulation technique and system for real-time hazard and risk prediction, implementation of coastal defense structures/multilayer countermeasures and encouraging evacuation. In addition, among papers presented at the coastal engineering conference in Japan, the proportion of tsunami-related research in Japan increased from 15% to 35% because of the 2011 tsunami, and approximately 65-70% of tsunami-related studies involve numerical simulation, coastal structures and building damage. These results show the impact of the 2011 tsunami on coastal engineering related to academic institutions and consulting industries in Japan as well as the interest in each tsunami countermeasure.

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Section: Multiscale Tsunami Simulationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Improvement of Tsunami Countermeasures Based on Lessons from The 2011 Great East Japan Earthquake and Tsunami — Situation After Five Years

Suppasri

Latcharote

Bricker

et al. 2016

Coastal Engineering Journal

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“…Future work should develop methods that utilize and augment this increasingly available video material for flood analysis. Similar techniques were used for validation of inundation models during the Great East Japan Tsunami (Bricker et al 2015) and Typhoon Haiyan (Roeber and Bricker 2015).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Performance of Models for Flash Flood Warning and Hazard Assessment: The 2015 Kali Gandaki Landslide Dam Breach in Nepal

Bricker

Schwanghart

Adhikari

et al. 2017

Mountain Research and Development

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Lessons learned from the tsunami disaster caused by the 2011 Great East Japan Earthquake and improvements in JMA's tsunami warning system Abstract A huge tsunami generated by the 2011 Great East Japan Earthquake (also known as the 2011 off the Pacific coast of Tohoku Earthquake) that struck at 14:46 JST (UTC+9) on March 11, 2011, hit a huge stretch of the Pacific coast of Japan and caused severe damage over an area extending from the Tohoku district to the Kanto district. In the aftermath of the disaster, the Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) investigated the content and expressions of the tsunami warning bulletins released as well as the timing of their issuance in relation to this occurrence at that time. The results were used to support consideration of how tsunami warnings could be improved in their role as a type of disaster preparedness information to protect life. The investigation revealed several problems, including the underestimation of earthquake magnitude promptly determined after the quake which in turn caused the underestimation of forecast tsunami heights. Another issue was the inappropriate announcement of tsunami observations; all the observed tsunami heights were announced even while waves were still small, which caused some people to believe evacuation was unnecessary for what they thought was a minor tsunami.JMA's tsunami warnings must be timely, easy to understand and useful for organizations related to disaster prevention. To overcome the problems found in the investigation and to better meet these requirements, JMA improved the approach used in its tsunami warning system and enhanced the content and expressions of bulletins so that warnings urge people to evacuate as appropriate. As part of such improvements, JMA also remains active in its awareness-raising efforts as a key area in the appropriate usage of warnings and successful evacuation.Based on these activities, JMA introduced a new tsunami warning system on March 7, 2013.

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“…where FD is the drag force per unit width, CD is the drag coefficient, FL is the lift force per unit width, CL is the lift coefficient, and ρ is the density of water. Via the use of dynamometers, drag and lift coefficients ( Figure 2 shows the definitions of these forces) were calculated by Equations (3) and (4). The highest values of C D occurred for h* = 1.2-1.5 depending on the deck Froude number, while C L remained negative (downward force) in all experiments.…”

Section: F = C × ρSu /2mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Both scour and hydrodynamic force have been shown to be common causes of bridge failure [1][2][3]. Though bridge pier scour has been the subject of varied and intense research [4], hydrodynamic deck and pier failure is typically over-simplified, and in some cases, not conservative.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Fr = U / gs (2) where hu is the upstream flow depth, hb is the distance between the bed and the bottom of the superstructure, s is the height of the superstructure, Uu is the flow speed upstream of the superstructure, and g is the gravitational acceleration. Via the use of dynamometers, drag and lift coefficients ( Figure 2 shows the definitions of these forces) were calculated by Equations (3) and (4). The highest values of CD occurred for h* = 1.2-1.5 depending on the deck Froude number, while CL remained negative (downward force) in all experiments.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Hydrodynamic and Debris-Damming Failure of Bridge Decks and Piers in Steady Flow

et al. 2018

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In countries with steep rivers, such as Japan and the United States, bridges fail on an annual basis. Bridges on spread footings are especially susceptible to failure by hydrodynamic loading, often exacerbated by debris damming. Here, such failures are investigated via small scale model laboratory experiments and full scale numerical simulations. In the laboratory, lift and drag forces and overturning moment on bridge decks, piers, and deck-pier systems, are measured and compared with threshold of failure criteria used in design guidelines. Effects of debris on lift, drag, and moment, as well as three-dimensional effects, are quantified. Via numerical simulations, flow patterns and free surface behaviour responsible for these forces are investigated, and described in a framework as a function of the water depth, flow speed, deck clearance, and girder height. Results show that current guidelines are non-conservative in some cases. Importantly, failure of both decks and piers can be prevented by strengthening pier-deck connections, or by streamlining decks.

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Mechanisms of Damage to Coastal Structures due to the 2011 Great East Japan Tsunami

Cited by 9 publications

References 11 publications

Improvement of Tsunami Countermeasures Based on Lessons from The 2011 Great East Japan Earthquake and Tsunami — Situation After Five Years

Improvement of Tsunami Countermeasures Based on Lessons from The 2011 Great East Japan Earthquake and Tsunami — Situation After Five Years

Performance of Models for Flash Flood Warning and Hazard Assessment: The 2015 Kali Gandaki Landslide Dam Breach in Nepal

Hydrodynamic and Debris-Damming Failure of Bridge Decks and Piers in Steady Flow

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