Metabolism in the toxicokinetics and fate of brominated flame retardants—a review

Hakk, Heldur

doi:10.1016/s0160-4120(03)00109-0

Cited by 376 publications

(265 citation statements)

References 92 publications

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“…Major TBBPA metabolites have not been characterized in fish and were beyond the scope of the present study. Methylation of the compound has been described in experimental aquatic exposure; methylated TBBPA is more hydrophobic and as a consequence, bioaccumulation may exceed TBBPA bioaccumulation (Hakk and Letcher 2003). If the animals in the present study accumulated methylated forms as a function of TBBPA exposure, part of the effects discussed below should perhaps be attributed to these metabolites.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 73%

Toxicity of tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) in zebrafish (Danio rerio) in a partial life-cycle test

et al. 2006

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Toxicological effects of the widely used flame retardant, tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) were assessed in a partial life-cycle test with zebrafish (Danio rerio). Exposure of adult fish during 30 days to water-borne TBBPA in nominal concentrations ranging from 0 (control) to 1.5 M was followed by exposure of the offspring in early life stages up to 47 days posthatching (dph) to the same concentrations. Adults exposed to 3 and 6 M showed severe disorientation and lethargy shortly after beginning of exposure and were euthanized. Because semistatic exposure resulted in fluctuating water concentrations, pooled fish samples were chemically analyzed for internal dose assessment. Egg production was decreased in fish exposed to TBBPA concentrations of 0.047 M and higher, and a critical effect level of 7.2 g/g lipid with a lower 5% confidence limit of 3.9 g/g lipid for 50% decreased egg production was calculated. Histology of adult ovaries indicated a relative increase of premature oocytes in two surviving females exposed to 1.5 M. Hatching of TBBPA-exposed larvae was decreased except in animals exposed to 0.375 M. In the highest exposure concentration, early posthatching mortality was high (81%) in larvae and the surviving juveniles showed a significant predominance of the female phenotype. Exposure of eggs from control parents up to 6 M TBBPA resulted in increasing malformation and pericardial fluid accumulation from 1.5 M; at higher concentrations, all embryos failed to hatch. The presented results indicate decreased reproductive success in zebrafish at environmentally relevant TBBPA concentrations.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 73%

Toxicity of tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) in zebrafish (Danio rerio) in a partial life-cycle test

et al. 2006

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“…Most aspects of the toxicokinetics of PBDEs have been summarized elsewhere de Wit et al 2002;Hakk and Letcher, 2003), and will not be discussed in detail. In adult rodents, lower brominated PBDEs (e.g.…”

Section: Toxicokinetic Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…PBDEs distribute to several tissues including the brain, and highest and more persistent concentrations are found in adipose tissue (Hakk and Letcher, 2003), however, this is not the case for BDE-209 (Morck et al 2003). Tetra-and pentaBDEs are metabolized by mixed function oxidases to mono-and di-hydroxylated metabolites (Hakk et al 2002;Hakk and Letcher, 2003;Malmberg et al 2005;Marsh et al 2004), while decaBDE is metabolized to lower brominated congeners (nona-and octaBDE) (Morck et al 2003;Huwe and Smith, 2007). There appears to be a species difference in the rate of excretion, with a higher urinary excretion in mice (Orn and Klasson-Wehler, 1998).…”

Section: Toxicokinetic Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Gender differences are also observed, with males displaying a higher urinary excretion due to the binding of PBDEs to mouse major urinary protein (MUP), whose levels are much higher in males than females (Staskal et al 2006b). The half-life of tetra-to hexa-PBDEs has been shown to range in mice and rats between 20 and 120 days (Hakk and Letcher, 2003;Geyer et al 2004), with an increase proportional to the degree of bromination. In contrast, BDE-209 appears to be excreted more rapidly (Morck et al 2003;Hakk and Letcher, 2003), though a half-life of 75 days has been reported in another study (Huwe and Smith, 2007).…”

Section: Toxicokinetic Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Developmental neurotoxicity of polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) flame retardants

2007

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“…Preliminary data suggest higher DI activity in red-eared sliders than in snapping turtles, suggesting that the DIs may be a hypothetical metabolic pathway for reductive debromination in red-eared sliders [44]. Glutathione-S-transferase (GST), which is responsible for phase II conjugation processes through dehalogenation reactions, have also been reported to debrominate PBDEs [45] but are less likely to be involved in debromination in fish [9,10]. Although it is possible that there could be differences in the enzymatic systems of the embryonic red-eared slider and snapping turtle 398 Environ.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Experimental exposure of eggs to polybrominated diphenyl ethers BDE‐47 and BDE‐99 in red‐eared sliders (Trachemys scripta elegans) and snapping turtles (Chelydra serpentina) and possible species‐specific differences in debromination

Eisenreich¹,

Rowe²

2012

Enviro Toxic and Chemistry

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Abstract-Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are a bioaccumulative, persistent, and toxic class of flame retardants that can potentially impact turtles in natural habitats via exposure through maternal transfer. To simulate maternal transfer in the present study, PBDE congeners BDE-47 and BDE-99 were topically applied to the eggshell and were allowed to diffuse into the egg contents of the redeared slider (Trachemys scripta elegans) and snapping turtle (Chelydra serpentina). Eggs were topically dosed over 8 d to achieve a target concentration of 40 ng/g in the egg contents. Transfer efficiency was higher for BDE-47 than for BDE-99 in the red-eared sliders (25.8 AE 1.9% vs 9.9 AE 1.1%) and snapping turtles (31.3 AE 1.6% vs 12.5 AE 1.4%), resulting in greater BDE-47 and lower BDE-99 egg content concentrations relative to the 40 ng/g target. However, only 25.8 and 31.3% of the total BDE-47 and 9.9 and 12.5% of the total BDE-99 dose applied could be accounted for in the red-eared slider and snapping turtle egg contents, respectively. Additionally, increased BDE-47 in red-eared slider egg contents dosed with only BDE-99 indicate that BDE-99 might have been debrominated to BDE-47. The efficacy of topical dosing for administering desired embryonic exposures is clearly affected by the chemical properties of the applied compounds and was more successful for BDE-47 in both species. Environ. Toxicol. Chem.

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Metabolism in the toxicokinetics and fate of brominated flame retardants—a review

Cited by 376 publications

References 92 publications

Toxicity of tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) in zebrafish (Danio rerio) in a partial life-cycle test

Toxicity of tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) in zebrafish (Danio rerio) in a partial life-cycle test

Developmental neurotoxicity of polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) flame retardants

Experimental exposure of eggs to polybrominated diphenyl ethers BDE‐47 and BDE‐99 in red‐eared sliders (Trachemys scripta elegans) and snapping turtles (Chelydra serpentina) and possible species‐specific differences in debromination

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