MIP‐esterase/Tyrosinase Combinations for Paracetamol and Phenacetin

Abstract

A new electrochemical MIP sensor for the most frequently used drug paracetamol (PAR) was prepared by electropolymerization of mixtures containing the template molecule and the functional monomers o‐phenylenediamine, resorcinol and aniline. The imprinting factor of 12 reflects the effective target binding to the MIP as compared with the non‐imprinted electropolymer. Combination of the MIP with a nonspecific esterase allows the measurement of phenacetin – another analgesic drug. In the second approach the PAR containing sample solution was pretreated with tyrosinase in order to prevent electrochemical interferences by ascorbic acid and uric acid. Interference‐free indication at a very low electrode potential without fouling of the electrode surface was achieved with the o‐phenylenediamine: resorcinol‐based MIP.

Enzymes as Tools in MIP-Sensors

“…The treatment of PAR with tyrosinase resulted in the abolishment of the anodic current signal at 0.6 V and the formation of the cathodic signal at −0.1 V [108]. The current of the PAR-MIP electrode at −0.1 V increased linearly between 2.5 µM and 335 µM (R 2 = 0.9969) and approached saturation above 550 µM.…”

“…Furthermore the extension of the analyte spectrum by enzymatic pretreatment of the sample has been demonstrated: Phenacetin-a drug which has been withdrawn from the market-is converted by a non-specific esterase to phenetidine [108] (see Scheme 6). Whilst phenacetin did not generate an oxidation current at 0.6 V, its treatment with esterase brought about concentration dependent signals.…”

Electrochemical sensing of macromolecules based on molecularly imprinted polymers: challenges, successful strategies, and opportunities

“…Nonspecific adsorption phenomena have also been confirmed, in particular for globular proteins due to their large size and multitude of functionalities [ 127 , 137 ], on carbonaceous materials [ 137 , 138 , 140 ], resulting in a deterioration of sensor performance in the case of target protein detection or when the matrices studied contain proteins [ 140 ]. The strategy of preliminary anchoring of the target protein to the electrode surface prior to the electropolymerization [ 16 , 37 ] in surface imprinting schemes (section 1.1) can reduce nonspecific adsorption phenomena.…”

Biomimetic Sensors to Detect Bioanalytes in Real-Life Samples Using Molecularly Imprinted Polymers: A Review

“…Another example for an MIP-based sensing system targeting paracetamol in human serum samples was published by Yarman et al [ 56 ], who electropolymerized a mixture of o-phenylenediamine and resorcinol as functional monomers in the presence of paracetamol to obtain MIP-covered glassy carbon electrodes for amperometric measurements at a low electrode potential (−0.1 V). This was facilitated by the treatment of paracetamol with tyrosinase, yielding N-acetyl-p-benzoquinone, which gave a cathodic current signal at −0.1 V. In 50 mM phosphate buffer (pH 7), no interfering signals were observed for ascorbic and uric acid, and only 20 percent of the paracetamol signal for levodopa and catechol.…”