Modeling the overcharge process of VRLA batteries

Gu, Wenbin; Wang, G. Q.; Wang, Chaoyang

doi:10.1016/s0378-7753(02)00043-5

Cited by 45 publications

(32 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…Such utility has begun to attract more attention from the industry due to growing interests on battery engineering, energy and power management, and hybridization of power sources.Many mathematical models on lead-acid batteries have been published in the last three decades [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16], from the simulation of single electrodes to a complete battery pack. However, accurate battery model and simulation can provide far more insightful information than that obtained from laboratory testing and such knowledge can be applied to an extensive range of operating conditions that may not be available from testing.…”

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confidence: 99%

Peukert's Law of a Lead-Acid Battery Simulated by a Mathematical Model

2010

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Mathematical models remain underused by the battery manufacturing industry because they are complex and require experienced users with high numeric modeling skills. However, accurate battery model and simulation can provide far more insightful information than that obtained from laboratory testing and such knowledge can be applied to an extensive range of operating conditions that may not be available from testing. Such utility has begun to attract more attention from the industry due to growing interests on battery engineering, energy and power management, and hybridization of power sources.Many mathematical models on lead-acid batteries have been published in the last three decades [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16], from the simulation of single electrodes to a complete battery pack. The modeling capabilities have been improved almost as fast as the computing power used to enable them. To date, many programming languages and platforms are available for developing battery model on a personal computer from scratch. The values to utilize the utility presented by the model remain to be validated. A key issue is the accuracy and degree of fidelity a model can simulate and predict, with an implication of how confident one can vest on such predictions. More specifically, some recent work [17][18][19][20] has initiated the discussions of the Peukert's law beyond the context of empirical observations. Such discussions present a complicated scenario of the chemistry involved but fall short of offering a comprehensive understanding of the Peukert behavior exhibited by the electrochemical system, which appears highly sensitive to local conditions the electrodes experience.Here, we present an interesting approach to analyze leadacid battery performance and simulate battery behavior in order to yield sufficiently accurate results disregarding the rate of discharge. The fidelity of the results is validated with test results of different designs and test conditions. Such a versatility of simulation using the same set of parameters based on the basic physical and chemical information of the system has not been demonstrated in the open literature before.The one-dimensional mathematical model reported in this work is feasible to simulate the Peukert's law of a leadacid chemistry, with data obtained from various module sizes and test conditions. The model is therefore able to provide a better understanding of the processes involved and responsible for the Peukert behavior. REFERENCES[1] D. Abstract #275, © The Electrochemical Society ) unless CC License in place (see abstract). ecsdl.org/site/terms_use address. Redistribution subject to ECS terms of use (see 169.230.243.252 Downloaded on 2014-12-12 to IP

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confidence: 99%

Peukert's Law of a Lead-Acid Battery Simulated by a Mathematical Model

2010

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“…24,25 We have found that this material controls the overoxidation of LiCoO 2 in the positive electrode on adding a small amount to the electrolyte, and the generated material moves to the negative electrode following absorption by the negative electrode with oxidation. This is a phenomenon that appears similar to the "gas recombination" 30,31 or the "oxygen cycle" 32 which occurs in sealed-type lead-acid, Ni-Cd, and Ni-MH batteries. This is explained by the generation of oxygen gas at the positive electrode, which moves to the negative electrode and is absorbed into the negative material with oxidation of the negative material as proposed by Neuman in 1948.…”

Section: ͓2͔mentioning

confidence: 84%

Studying a Phenomenon during Overcharge of a Lithium-Ion Battery with Methacrylate Additives for the Gel Electrolyte

Nozu

Nakamura

Banno

et al. 2006

J. Electrochem. Soc.

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A lithium-ion battery containing methacrylate compounds as "additives" in the gel electrolyte has been developed such that an increase in its voltage greater than normal does not cause a thermal runaway. This phenomenon was studied by analysis of the positive active material, lithium cobaltate ͑LiCoO 2 ͒, by measurement of the species on the negative electrode and the composition of the generated gases, and by estimating the abundance of the species in the electrolyte after/during charging the battery. The potential of the positive electrode maintained a constant value, the crystals of the positive material did not change, metallic Li and oxides of Li were produced on the negative electrode, CO 2 and CO were generated, and the relative abundance of the species from the additives did not change during overcharging of the battery. We postulated that, in the lithium-ion battery sample with the additives, oxygen gas and/or carbon dioxide gas is generated at the positive electrode during overcharge, moves to the negative electrode, and oxidizes the Li deposited on the negative electrode. This reaction process has been suggested to be similar to that observed on overcharging of Ni-Cd or Ni-MH sealed batteries, and the battery with the additives remained safe during the overcharge. The lithium-ion battery has been developed for cellular phones and notebook PCs since it was put to practical use in 1991.1 At that time, the lithium-ion battery was manufactured using lithium cobaltate ͑LiCoO 2 ͒, lithium nickelate ͑LiNiO 2 ͒ or lithium manganate ͑LiMn 2 O 4 ͒ as the positive electrode material, carbon that could intercalate and release lithium ion as the negative electrode material, and an organic solvent that dissolves the lithium salt as the electrolyte. 2-4The lithium-ion battery with LiCoO 2 as the positive material was put into practical use earlier than LiNiO 2 and LiMn 2 O 4 because it has good characteristics which are a high discharge voltage and a long cycle life. [5][6][7] Recently, the lithium-ion battery has been expected to be used in electric vehicles and the HEV; 8 therefore, a less expensive and more long-lived battery has been requested. Because the cobalt reserves are extremely low at about eight million t/year and are expensive, 9 LiCoO 2 is expected to shift to LiNiO 2 and LiMn 2 O 4 in the future. However, the discharge voltage of the lithium-ion battery with LiNiO 2 as the positive material is low, about 3.8 V. The synthesis of LiNiO 2 is difficult and the cycle life of the lithium-ion battery with LiNiO 2 is shorter because LiNiO 2 , which has the unstable state of Ni 3+ at high temperature, easily becomes a nonstoichiometric compound.10-12 Although LIMn 2 O 4 is less expensive and thermally stable, the capacity of the lithium-ion battery with LiMn 2 O 4 during cycle life decreases remarkably because manganese elutes into electrolyte easily.5,13,14 Therefore, advanced developments are needed so that the lithium-ion battery with LiNiO 2 or LiMn 2 O 4 can be put into practical use, and the lithiumion ...

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“…In summary, non-dimensional equations of (15), (20) and (23) with new defined dimensionless parameters of (14), (18), (19) and (22) used for simulations.…”

Section: Mathematical Formulationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Non-dimensional analysis of electrochemical governing equations of lead-acid batteries

Nazghelichi

Torabi

Esfahanian

2020

Journal of Energy Storage

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Lead-acid batteries have widespread usages in various kinds of industries all over the world. Therefore, these electrochemical energy saving devices always need to develop new models and analyses based on innovative ideas. In the present study, a new set of non-dimensional electrochemical governing equations for lead-acid cells are derived based on an innovative self-comparative concept. Thorough this non-dimensionalization process, some useful dimensionless coefficients of the governing equations are introduced. The non-dimensionalization analysis has been applied to the electrochemical governing equations including conservation of charge in solid and electrolyte, and conservation of species. Four novel dimensionless coefficients of electrode conductivity, electrolyte conductivity, diffusional conductivity of species and diffusion coefficient are derived from the dimensionless model. The new dimensionless model is studied in analysis of two distinct case. Firstly, in comparison of dimensional and non-dimensional models for two typical lead-acid cells. Secondly, in analysis of a single cell with a set of experimental test. Both cases simulated using finite volume method.The simulated data is validated using comparison with experimental data. Finally, shown results indicate that the non-dimensional model is in fairly good accordance with data obtained from experiments, moreover, dimensionless co- * Corresponding author Email addresses: tnazghelichi@mail.kntu.ac.ir (Tayyeb Nazghelichi), ftorabi@kntu.ac.ir (Farschad Torabi), evahid@ut.ac.ir (Vahid Esfahanian) efficients are useful for comparing purposes and analysis of electrochemical processes. In conclusion, this study demonstrates that investigation of lead-acid cell's performance in comparison with it's maximum potential is appropriate and operational method.

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Modeling the overcharge process of VRLA batteries

Cited by 45 publications

References 12 publications

Peukert's Law of a Lead-Acid Battery Simulated by a Mathematical Model

Peukert's Law of a Lead-Acid Battery Simulated by a Mathematical Model

Studying a Phenomenon during Overcharge of a Lithium-Ion Battery with Methacrylate Additives for the Gel Electrolyte

Non-dimensional analysis of electrochemical governing equations of lead-acid batteries

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