Monitoring of Antifouling Booster Biocides in Water and Sedimentfrom the Port of Osaka, Japan

Abstract

Concentrations of booster antifouling compounds in the port of Osaka, Japan were assessed. Concentrations of Sea-Nine 211 (4,5-dichloro-2-n-octyl-3-isothiazolone), thiabendazole (2-(4-thiazolyl)-benzimidazole), IPBC (3-iodo-2-propynyl butylcarbamate), Diuron (3,4-dichlorophenyl-N, N-dimethylurea), Irgarol 1051 (2-methylthio-4-t-butylamino-6-cyclopropylamino-s-triazine), and M1 (2-methylthio-4-t-butylamino-6-amino-s-triazine) in port water samples were in the range of <0.003-0.004 microg L(-1), <0.0008-0.020 microg L(-1), <0.0007-1.54 microg L(-1), <0.0008-0.267 microg L(-1), and <0.0019-0.167 microg L(-1), respectively. IPBC was not detected in the water samples, but the concentration of Diuron was higher than any previously reported. The concentrations of Sea-Nine 211, thiabendazole, Diuron, Irgarol 1051, and M1 in sediment samples were in the range of <0.04-2.4 microg kg(-1) dry, <0.08-1.2 microg kg(-1) dry, <0.64-1350 microg kg(-1) dry, <0.08-8.2 microg kg(-1) dry, and <0.18-2.9 microg kg(-1) dry, respectively. IPBC was again not detected. The levels of Sea-Nine 211, Diuron, and Irgarol 1051 in water and sediment samples were high in a poorly flushed mooring area for small and medium-hull vessels. Levels of Diuron and Irgarol 1051 were highest in summer. The concentration of Sea-Nine 211 in water increased between August and October 2002. Except for M1, increases in the levels of booster biocides in sediment were observed during the study period. The sediment-water partition (Kd) was calculated by dividing the concentrations in sediment by the concentrations in water. The Kd values for Sea-Nine 211, thiabendazole, Diuron, Irgarol 1051, and M1 were 690, 180, 2700, 300, and 870. The Kd value for these alternative compounds was lower than for TBT.

Human Exposure, Biomarkers, and Fate of Organotins in the Environment

“…As a result of legislation restricting the use of TBT-based antifouling paints, some reduction in the levels of TBT has been reported, particularly in areas proximate to recreational shipping activities (Rees et al 2001;Hawkins et al 2000). However, in areas near industrial shipping activities (e.g., ports), TBT levels remain high (Valkirs et al 2003;Peachery 2003;Horiguchi et al 2004;Harino et al 2006). South Africa is positioned along a primary shipping route between Europe, the Americas, and Asia.…”

Present Status of Antifouling Systems in Japan: Tributyltin Substitutes in Japan

“…Therefore, environmental scientists have analyzed residue levels of suspected antifouling agents to investigate their potential use in Japan. Detection of Irgarol 1051 (Irgarol), its metabolite, and Diuron in water samples collected from coastal marinas, fishery harbors, and ports has provided information on their possible use in antifouling paints on ships and boats in Japan [6][7][8][9]. Meanwhile, the "International convention on the control of harmful anti-fouling systems on ships, 2001 (IMO Convention)" was adopted at the International Maritime Organization (IMO) diplomatic conference held in October 2001.…”

Development of controlled release formulations of thiabendazole

“…Carbendazim residues were detected in surface water samples in Chile [11]. Thiabendazole residues have been detected in citrus samples [12], in fruit-based soft drinks [13], in apple juice concentrate [14], in lemons [15], in water samples [16], in sea port water and in sediment samples [17], in foodstuffs [18], in the UK mushroom industry [19]. Furthermore, Thiabendazole application creates eco-toxicity, for instance, Castillo et al [20] found a macroinvertebrate community changes following thiabendazole applications in a banana plantation.…”