Morphological development of resting cysts in cultures of the marine dinoflagellate<i>Lingulodinium polyedrum</i>(=<i>L. Machaerophorum</i>)

Kokinos, John Peter; Anderson, Donald M.

doi:10.1080/01916122.1995.9989457

Cited by 155 publications

(96 citation statements)

References 39 publications

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“…Permanent cysts are covered with numerous bulbous spines and are thought to form part of the normal sexual life cycle. However, they have only been observed under laboratory conditions with some strains (Kokinos and Anderson, 1995). By contrast, temporary cysts form readily under a variety of conditions that constitute an environmental stress such as mechanical shock, changes in temperature, pH, or salinity (Kita et al, 1985).…”

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confidence: 99%

Cold-Induced Cysts of the Photosynthetic DinoflagellateLingulodinium polyedrumHave an Arrested Circadian Bioluminescence Rhythm and Lower Levels of Protein Phosphorylation

2013

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Dinoflagellates are microscopic, eukaryotic, and primarily marine plankton. Temporary cyst formation is a well-known physiological response of dinoflagellate cells to environmental stresses. However, the molecular underpinnings of cold-induced cyst physiology have never been described. Cultures of the photosynthetic dinoflagellate Lingulodinium polyedrum readily form temporary cysts when placed at low (8°C 6 1°C) temperature and excyst to form normal motile cells following a return to normal temperature (18°C 6 1°C). The normal circadian bioluminescence rhythm and the expected changes in Luciferin Binding Protein abundance were arrested in L. polyedrum cysts. Furthermore, after excystment, the bioluminescence rhythm initiates at a time corresponding to zeitgeber 12, independent of the time when the cells encysted. Phosphoprotein staining after two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, as well as column-based phosphoprotein enrichment followed by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry, showed cyst proteins are hypophosphorylated when compared with those from motile cells, with the most marked decreases found for predicted Casein Kinase2 target sites. In contrast to the phosphoproteome, the cyst proteome is not markedly different from motile cells, as assessed by two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. In addition to changes in the phosphoproteome, RNA sequencing revealed that cysts show a significant decrease in the levels of 132 RNAs. Of the 42 RNAs that were identified by sequence analysis, 21 correspond to plastid-encoded gene products and 11 to nuclear-encoded cell wall/plasma membrane components. Our data are consistent with a model in which the highly reduced metabolism in cysts is achieved primarily by alterations in the phosphoproteome. The stalling of the circadian rhythm suggests temporary cysts may provide an interesting model to address the circadian system of dinoflagellates.

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Cold-Induced Cysts of the Photosynthetic DinoflagellateLingulodinium polyedrumHave an Arrested Circadian Bioluminescence Rhythm and Lower Levels of Protein Phosphorylation

2013

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“…During morphogenesis from vegetative or zygotic cell into cyst, cytoplasm contracts from the cell wall, leaving strands that develop into processes, as observed in most extant algal microorganisms with known life cycle (Dale, 1983(Dale, , 2001van den Hoek et al, 1995;Belmonte et al, 1997;Raven et al, 2005). Multiple developmental mechanisms do involve processes growing outwards from the cytoplasm surface in a few dinoflagellate species (Kokinos and Anderson, 1995), but this reflects their highly derived phylogenetic position (Delwiche, 2007). The wall structure of Dictyosphaera was previously examined in D. delicata by LM, TEM, a field-emission scanning microscope (FE-SEM), and a focused ion beam electron microscope (FIB-EM) by Yin (1997), Xiao et al (1997), Kaufman and Xiao (2003), Yin et al (2005), and Schiffbauer and Xiao (2009).…”

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confidence: 99%

Affinity, life cycle, and intracellular complexity of organic-walled microfossils from the Mesoproterozoic of Shanxi, China

Agić¹,

Moczydłowska²,

Yin

2015

J. Paleontol.

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Abstract.-Light microscope and scanning electron microscope observations on new material of unicellular microfossils Dictyosphaera macroreticulata and Shuiyousphaeridium macroreticulatum, from the Mesoproterozoic Ruyang Group in China, provide insights into the microorganisms' biological affinity, life cycle and cellular complexity. Gigantosphaeridium fibratum n. gen. et sp., is described and is one of the largest Mesoproterozoic microfossils recorded. Phenotypic characters of vesicle ornamentation and excystment structures, properties of resistance and cell wall structure in Dictyosphaera and Shuiyousphaeridium are all diagnostic of microalgal cysts. The wide size ranges of the various morphotypes indicate growth phases compatible with the development of reproductive cysts. Conspecific biologically, each morphotype represents an asexual (resting cyst) or sexual (zygotic cyst) stage in the life cycle, respectively. We reconstruct this hypothetical life cycle and infer that the organism demonstrates a reproductive strategy of alternation of heteromorphic generations. Similarly in Gigantosphaeridium, a metabolically expensive vesicle with processes suggests its protective role as a zygotic cyst. In combination with all these characters and from the resemblance to extant green algae, we propose the placement of these ancient microorganisms in the stem group of Chloroplastida (Viridiplantae). A cell wall composed of primary and secondary layers in Dictyosphaera and Shuiyouisphaeridium required a high cellular complexity for their synthesis and the presence of an endomembrane system and the Golgi apparatus. The plastid was also present, accepting the organism was photosynthetic. The biota reveals a high degree of morphological and cell structural complexity, and provides an insight into ongoing eukaryotic evolution and the development of complex life cycles with sexual reproduction by 1200 Ma.

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“…Their cultures were started from multiple cells, but Lewis and Rochon (Dino 6, Trondheim 1998) have observed corresponding variations in cultures started from single cysts. In Lingulodinium polyedra, Kokinos and Anderson (1992) were able to observe the quite rapid growth of spines and eventual bursting of the outer membranous layer. (This has been confirmed by Jane Lewis, in a film shown at Dino 6, Trondheim, 1998).…”

Section: Relation Of Process Length To Cyst Formationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dinoflagellates, fossil and modern: certain unresolved problems

Sarjeant¹,

Taylor²

1999

Grana

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Morphological development of resting cysts in cultures of the marine dinoflagellateLingulodinium polyedrum(=L. Machaerophorum)

Cited by 155 publications

References 39 publications

Cold-Induced Cysts of the Photosynthetic DinoflagellateLingulodinium polyedrumHave an Arrested Circadian Bioluminescence Rhythm and Lower Levels of Protein Phosphorylation

Cold-Induced Cysts of the Photosynthetic DinoflagellateLingulodinium polyedrumHave an Arrested Circadian Bioluminescence Rhythm and Lower Levels of Protein Phosphorylation

Affinity, life cycle, and intracellular complexity of organic-walled microfossils from the Mesoproterozoic of Shanxi, China

Dinoflagellates, fossil and modern: certain unresolved problems

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