Morphological Study of the Skeleton Development in Chick Embryo (Gallus domesticus)

Sawad, Alaa A.; Hana, Balsam A.; Al-Silawi, Anwar N.

doi:10.3923/ijps.2009.710.714

Cited by 8 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…Hence, it was noticed that the ossification of long bones, such us the humerus bone, starts on the 10 th day of incubation for chicken embryos. This confirms the study done by Sawad et al (2009).…”

Section: Special Stainingsupporting

confidence: 92%

The Effect of In Ovo Exposition to Ethanol Upon Osteogenesis of the Chicken Embryo

Boussouar¹,

Khenenou²,

Bennoune³

et al. 2019

jwpr

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Excessive alcohol consumption by a pregnant woman may delay foetal development and may cause malformations. In this study, the model of the chicken embryo to demonstrate the teratogenic effect of ethanol (33%) on the chicken osteogenesis on the 10 th day of embryonic development have been used. 49 fertilized eggs were used in present investigation. Hence, different doses of ethanol were injected into the chicken embryos at 33% (20, 40, 80 μl) in the air space at gastrulation and, on the other hand, an equivalent amount of the mentioned doses of distilled water were injected into the control-group eggs which was done once in every two days in order to maintain a high concentration in the blood. Experiments were repeatedly and independently carried out for three times. The eggs were incubated in a humid incubator at the temperature of 37.7 °C and at 60-65% of humidity. On the 10 th day of incubation, the embryos were taken out and fixed in formalin at 10%. After that, the eggs were sectioned at 5μm of thickness with a Leica micrtome and, then, stained with the Hematoxylin and eosin. Histological examination has revealed that the exposition of chicken embryos to ethanol (33%) delays the skeletal development in a dose-dependent manner by reducing the length of the cartilaginous proliferation zone and hypertrophic zone during the bone formation period. Furthermore, under the effect of ethanol, the cell proliferation activities were repressed. In conclusion, present results indicated that using ethanol to treat chicken embryos at early stages caused considerable malformations and a decreased in the embryo survival rate. The exposition to alcohol affects the chicken osteogenesis in a dose-dependent manner.

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Section: Special Stainingsupporting

confidence: 92%

The Effect of In Ovo Exposition to Ethanol Upon Osteogenesis of the Chicken Embryo

Boussouar¹,

Khenenou²,

Bennoune³

et al. 2019

jwpr

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“…The ossification of the cervical vertebrate body in chick embryo started at the 12 th -13 th day of incubation while as sacral vertebrae get ossified on day 19 th of incubation (Shapiro, 1992). Sawad et al (2009) said that in Gallus the primary calcification of the rib body at the proximal extremity at the 10 th day of incubation. In case of chicken as reported by Hamburger and Hamilton (1951) the uncinate process calcifies directly.…”

Section: Stereozoom Microscopymentioning

confidence: 99%

Developmental ossification sequences of the appendicular and axial skeleton in Kuttanad duck embryos (<i>Anas platyrhynchos domesticus</i>)

Firdous¹,

Maya²,

Massarat³

et al. 2016

Open Vet J.

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The processes of ossification sequences are poorly investigated for birds in general, even for domestic and experimental species and when it comes to the waterfowl it is almost negligible. Such sequences constitute a rich source of data on character evolution, and may even provide phylogenetic information. A pre-hatch developmental study on ossification sequences of axial and appendicular skeletal system in Kuttanad duck embryos was undertaken using 78 viable embryos. From day 3 to day 7 of incubation no ossification densities were seen both by alizarin red staining and computerized radiography. The first indication of ossification as small ossification centers in skull bones, clavicle, scapula, humerus, radius and ulna in forelimb and ilium, pubis femur and fibula in hind limb were observed on the 9th day of incubation. The ossification of the body of the ribs started at the 11th day of incubation towards the proximal extremity. On day 13th the ossification process of vertebrae was started from cervical end. The variation in appearance of the ossification centers in different bones at different stages of incubation period suggests relative importance of phylogeny to the sequences.

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“…Notably, in contrast to observations from extinct pennaraptorans, the scapula and coracoid of the ostrich fuse very early on, not via bone but via unmineralized cartilage during embryonic development (day 21) before any extensive ossification has begun (day 22; Maxwell and Larsson, 2009). Previous studies of neornithines (crown birds) have revealed the developmental trajectory, ossification sequence, regulatory genes, and growth factors of the scapula in embryonic and early post-hatching growth (Williams, 2003;Sawad et al, 2009;Young et al, 2019). Despite the importance of the scapulacoracoid complex in the pectoral girdle of birds (and in fact in all tetrapods) (Benton, 2014), few histological studies have been conducted on pectoral girdle elements (Russell and Joffe, 1985;Wang et al, 2019a), and the histology of the scapulacoracoid joint has never been reported in any paravian.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 95%

Osteohistology of the Scapulocoracoid of Confuciusornis and Preliminary Analysis of the Shoulder Joint in Aves

Bailleul

et al. 2021

Front. Earth Sci.

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As key components of the tetrapod pectoral girdle, the scapula and coracoid have played a significant role in the evolution of forelimb locomotion among terrestrial vertebrates. The transition from a rigid fused scapulocoracoid in ancestral non-avian theropods to a presumably more flexible separated scapula-coracoid in early birds is considered to be one of the key morphological transitions related to the rapid refinement of flight. In most Mesozoic birds (e.g., Enantiornithes and Ornithuromorpha) and crown birds the scapula and coracoid are separate (unfused), with few exceptions (e.g., flightless paleognaths). In contrast, in Confuciusornis, a basal pygostylian from the Early Cretaceous Jehol Biota known from thousands of specimens, the scapula and coracoid remain plesiomorphically fused. This raises questions regarding the influence of shoulder girdle architecture on the early evolution and refinement of avian flight. The paravian scapula-coracoid joint has never previously been investigated using histology, and thus joint morphology has only been inferred superficially. In order to better understand the evolution of this joint in Mesozoic birds, we make the first histological study of the scapulocoracoid glenoid joint in Confuciusornis. The results demonstrate that the scapula and coracoid both consist of cancellous and compact bone, with both fibrolamellar and parallel-fibered structure. A thin layer of calcified cartilage is present on the glenoid fossa surface, representing remnants of the articular surface for the humerus. Both histology and computed tomography reveal that the scapulocoracoid of Confuciusornis is fully fused, forming a synostosis. Humeral histology suggests the studied individual was nearing completion of its first year of growth, suggesting the Confuciusornis scapulocoracoid fused before skeletal maturity was achieved, as in flightless paleognaths, whereas in the plesiomorphic condition fusion occurs late in ontogeny. We hypothesize the fused scapulocoracoid of Confuciusornis is secondarily evolved and suggest the primary factor responsible for this morphology may have been a decrease in mechanical stimulation at the glenoid of Confuciusornis relative to other volant birds, linked to the unique flight style of this taxon. Further investigation into the histology of the glenoid joint in other Mesozoic paravians and extant birds will help to clarify the morphological transition of the scapula-coracoid joint in early avian evolution.

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Morphological Study of the Skeleton Development in Chick Embryo (Gallus domesticus)

Cited by 8 publications

References 10 publications

The Effect of In Ovo Exposition to Ethanol Upon Osteogenesis of the Chicken Embryo

The Effect of In Ovo Exposition to Ethanol Upon Osteogenesis of the Chicken Embryo

Developmental ossification sequences of the appendicular and axial skeleton in Kuttanad duck embryos (<i>Anas platyrhynchos domesticus</i>)

Osteohistology of the Scapulocoracoid of Confuciusornis and Preliminary Analysis of the Shoulder Joint in Aves

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