Morphology of the atrioventricular valves and related intraventricular structures in the wild pig (Sus scrofa)

Abstract

Morphology of the atrioventricular valves and the intraventricular related structures were observed and the findings were compared broadly to the literature, in the 7 hearts of the wild pigs (Sus scrofa) by applying macroscopic and microscopic techniques. In all hearts examinated, the tricuspid and mitral valves were precise, composing three and two cusps resepectively. The papillary muscles observed in mammalian heart in general were found in both the ventricles, additionaly there were small unnamed papillary muscles in the left ventricle of the three samples. The septomarginal trabecula and false chords were present in the right ventricles, microscopically possessing myocardial fibers, connective tissue and purkinje cells while the false chords were located in all the left ventricles but the septomarginal trabecula was found in the three samples only. Both the connective tissue and purkinje cells were present in these two structures but the myocardial fibers. Presence of the myocardial fibers in the right ventricle may have an effect on the ventricle geometry.

Histological and anatomical variations of septomarginal trabecula in bovine hearts

“…In the present study, the septomarginal trabeculae of the bovine heart were a single muscular band that extends from the interventricular septum to the opposite right ventricular wall. It is in accordance with findings in studies using others species, such as pigs (Ateş et al, ; Gulyaeva & Roshchevskaya, ), dogs (Bombonato et al, ; Cope, ), camels (Ghonimi, Abuel‐Atta, Bareedy, & Balah, ), equines (Ghonimi et al, ; Halıgür & Dursun, ; Sathyamoorthy & Ramesh, ) and humans (Bandeira et al, ; Kosiński et al, ; Mamatha et al., ; Reig, Alberti, & Petit, ; Rocha et al, ).…”

“…Histological studies have revealed more details regarding their functional correlations (Ravishankar, ). In this study, histological examination of the bovine septomarginal trabecula revealed the presence of the connective tissue, cardiac muscular fibres, blood vessels and Purkinje cells, in agreement with the histological aspect of trabecula in other animal species and in humans (Ateş et al, ; Bombonato et al, ; Ghonimi et al, ; Gulyaeva & Roshchevskaya, ; Sathyamoorthy & Ramesh, ).…”

“…Bombonato et al () analysed the proportion of tissues that composed the septomarginal trabecula of dogs, demonstrating that the cardiac muscle fibres were predominant, followed by connective tissue, and the conduction tissue was the smallest. This pattern was also emphasized in studies involving horses (Bombonato et al, ; Sathyamoorthy & Ramesh, ) and humans (Ateş et al, ); a similar histological composition pattern was emphasized in the bovine septomarginal trabeculae. On the other hand, in boars, the predominance of cardiac striated muscle tissue remained, but the amount of conduction tissue is higher than that of connective tissue (Bombonato et al, ).…”

“…The length and thickness of the septomarginal trabecula varies to 20–47 mm and 1–5 mm, respectively, showing significant differences between the samples. Several other studies documented variations in the length and thickness of the septomarginal trabecula in pigs (2–7.7 mm) (Ateş et al, ; Gulyaeva & Roshchevskaya, ), goats (5 mm) (Leão et al, ) and humans (1.5–14 mm) (Raghavendra, Kavitha, Kumar, Tarvadi, & Harsha, ).…”

“…The septomarginal trabeculae (or moderator band) consist, in part, of the conduction system of the heart, with right atrioventricular bundle branch passes down the interventricular septum and through the moderator band to the base of the anterior papillary muscle. It sends branches to the subendocardial plexus of Purkinje fibres, conus arteriosus and free wall of the RV (Abouezzeddine et al, ; Ateş, Karakurum, Takcl, Basak, & Kürtül, ; Goli, Kaszala, Osman, Lucke, & Carrillo, ).…”