The aim of this study was to define the arteries that supply the cardiac muscle in donkeys with regard to their course and possible variations. Six hearts belonging to donkeys of different age and sex constituted the material of the study. Following exposition of the arteries by means of injection of latex coloured with Rotring ink to a. coronaria sinistra and a. coronaria dextra, dissection was performed. The arterial vascularization of the heart in donkeys was determined to be supplied by a. coronaria sinistra and a. coronaria dextra which originate from the aorta. A. coronaria sinistra, measured to be larger than a. coronaria dextra, was determined to have its origin at the aorta, at the level of the free border of valvula semilunaris sinistra, and to extend between truncus pulmonalis and auricula sinistra. The mentioned artery was detected to give off two branches, namely, ramus interventricularis paraconalis and ramus circumflexus sinister which extend in sulcus interventricularis paraconalis and sulcus coronarius, respectively. However, a. coronaria dextra was determined to have its origin at the beginning of the aorta, at the level of valvula semilunaris dextra, and to extend to margo ventricularis dexter between truncus pulmonalis and auricula dexter. This study has revealed ramus interventricularis subsinuosus and ramus circumflexus dexter to intercommunicate by means of anastomosis and to form a. coronaria dexter. Examination of material revealed the absence of anastomosis between r. circumflexus sinister and r. circumflexus dexter. Branches named rami septales, originating from ramus interventricularis paraconalis and ramus interventricularis subsinuosus were determined to supply septum interventriculare. Ramus proximalis atrii sinistri was determined to have its origin at ramus circumflexus sinister whereas ramus proximalis venriculi dextri was determined to stem from the beginning of a. coronaria dextra in the material of this study. However, examination of the cranial and caudal branches of ramus coni arteriosi, revealed the cranial branch to be ramus proximalis ventriculi dextri in a cadaver.

Morphology of the atrioventricular valves and the intraventricular related structures were observed and the findings were compared broadly to the literature, in the 7 hearts of the wild pigs (Sus scrofa) by applying macroscopic and microscopic techniques. In all hearts examinated, the tricuspid and mitral valves were precise, composing three and two cusps resepectively. The papillary muscles observed in mammalian heart in general were found in both the ventricles, additionaly there were small unnamed papillary muscles in the left ventricle of the three samples. The septomarginal trabecula and false chords were present in the right ventricles, microscopically possessing myocardial fibers, connective tissue and purkinje cells while the false chords were located in all the left ventricles but the septomarginal trabecula was found in the three samples only. Both the connective tissue and purkinje cells were present in these two structures but the myocardial fibers. Presence of the myocardial fibers in the right ventricle may have an effect on the ventricle geometry.

The aim of the present study was to determine both the location of the pancreatic duct and the anatomical variation in the pancreatic ducts of rat and rabbit. Following administration of ether anesthesia, the abdomens were opened. Catheters were placed in the ileocolic vein, junction of the duodenum and jejunum, and into the aorta. All arteries, veins and pancreatic ducts were filled with red, blue and white dyed latex, respectively. The rat pancreas was consisted of three lobes, while the rabbit pancreas was consisted of two lobes. The rat pancreas also involved a diffuse gland situated in the gastrolienal ligament and mesoduodenum. It was observed two major ducts which name posterior pancreatic duct, anterior pancreatic ducts. The ducts that were determined in the right side of the biliaropancreatic duct open from origin the biliaropancreatic duct were measurements 8.09+2.65 mm right side and left side 7.32+3.61 mm. The rabbit pancreas included a diffuse gland situated among the liver, stomach and duodenum. In the rabbit, the duct of the pancreas (pancreatic duct) entered the duodenum 51.52+3.23cm distal to the pylorus. Bunting & Jones (19) reported that the pancreatic duct opened to the duodenum and 25-27cm away from (distal part) the pylorus in rabbit, the present authors found the pancreatic duct opened to the duodenum and measured 46.33-57.17cm in our study. Tavşan ve rat pankreas'ının morfolojik görünümü: Lokalizasyonu, kanalları, arterleri ve venleri üzerine bir araştırma ÖZ Bu çalışmanın amacı rat ve tavşanlarda ductus pancreaticus'un yerleşimini ve bu türlerde ductus pancreaticus'un anatomik varyasyonlarını belirlemektir. Eter anestezi uygulaması sonrası cavum abdominis açıldı. Kateter, vena iliecolica, duodenum ile jejenumun birleşim noktasına ve aorta'ya yerleştirildi. Tüm arter, ven ve pancreas kanalları sırasıyla kırmızı mavi ve beyaz boyalı lateks ile dolduruldu. Rat pankreası üç, tavşan pankreası ise iki lobdan oluşmaktaydı. Rat pankreası ligamentum gastrolienal ve mesoduodenum arasında yaygın bir bez olarak görüldü. Ductus pancreaticus anterior ve posterior olmak üzere iki kanal olduğu gözlendi. Bu kanalların başlangıcından itibaren sağ tarafta 8.09+2.65 mm sonra, sol tarafta da 7.32+3.61 mm sonra ductus biliopancreaticus'a açıldığı saptandı. Tavşan pankreası karaciğer, mide ve duodenum arasında yaygın bir bez olarak görülmekteydi. Tavşanda ductus pancreaticus, distal pylorus'ten 51.52+3.23 cm uzaklıkta duodenum'a açılır. Bunting & Jones (19) tarafından ductus pancreaticus'un tavşanda pylorus'un başlangıcından 25-27 cm sonra duodenum'a açıldığı bildirilmiştir. Bu çalışmada ise ductus pancreaticus'un açılış deliğinin pylorus'a uzaklığı 46.33-57.17cm olarak ölçüldü.

This study aimed at revealing the origin, course and distribution of the hypoglossal nerve in 20 adult male New Zealand rabbits. In all the animals dissected, the hypoglossal nerve arose from the ventrolateral side of the medulla oblongata with two main roots and gave off a descending branch to the ansa cervicalis before reaching the division of the common carotid artery. This branch was not seen on the right side of only one case. At the lateral aspect of the hyoglossus muscle, the nerve then divided into the lateral and medial main branches, sent branches to the styloglossus, hyoglossus, genioglossus and geniohyoideus muscles and terminated in the intrinsic tongue muscles. A communicating branch was observed between the hypoglossal and accessory nerves in the right side of one animal and between the hypoglossal nerve and the ganglion nodosum in the right retropharyngeal area of another animal. An additional branch was observed innervating the stylohyoideus muscle in one animal only. A lateral lingual-hypoglossal communication was also seen between the lateral branch of the hypoglossal nerve and terminal branches of the lingual nerve.

Qualitative ultrasonographic images in diagnosing renal parenchymal diseases can be inadequate. The relationship between renal cortical echogenicity and parenchymal disease has been demonstrated in people. However, it is difficult to determine diffuse fat vacuoles and the parenchymal diseases at qualitative renal assessment. Disorders of the renal cortex are frequently seen in rabbits. The aim of this study was to qualitatively and quantitatively evaluate the echogenicity of the renal cortex in clinically healthy rabbits. Fourty-two clinically normal and with no history of renal disease rabbits were used. The each rabbit was investigated by complete blood count, urinalysis and renal biopsy. Renal ultrasonography was performed with a 6.5 MHz probe. For each image, three equally sized regions of interest was detected within the renal cortex. The mean pixel intensity was determined using an 8-bit grayscale, with 256 colour of grey colours. Qualitative echogenicity was evaluated by two observers. Observer 1 evaluated as an isoechoic (36/42) and hyperechoic (6/42). Observer 2 evaluated as an isoechoic (35/42) and hyperechoic (7/42). Quantitatively, the mean pixel intensities analysed for the renal cortex was 59.2±2.23 (range: 28-91). The result of this study indicates that analysis of digitized renal cortical ultrasonographic images from rabbits using the histogram technique can be used to quantitatively determine echogenicity.