Multifaceted Material Substitution: The Case of NdFeB Magnets, 2010–2015

Smith, Braeton J.; Eggert, Roderick G.

doi:10.1007/s11837-016-1913-2

Cited by 30 publications

(36 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…While circumstances vary by the individual manufacturer and commodity, in general, many of these options are undesirable and often have real and substantial limitations and costs. For example, substitution may be possible if an alternative technology is readily available but will often require manufacturers to pay higher prices or accept lower performance (4,10,37). Committing to long-term contracts reduces flexibility, while maintaining large inventories increases costs and ties up working capital.…”

Section: Economic Vulnerabilitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluating the mineral commodity supply risk of the U.S. manufacturing sector

et al. 2020

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Trade tensions, resource nationalism, and various other factors are increasing concerns regarding the supply reliability of nonfuel mineral commodities. This is especially the case for commodities required for new and emerging technologies ranging from electric vehicles to wind turbines. In this analysis, we use a conventional risk-modeling framework to develop and apply a new methodology for assessing the supply risk to the U.S. manufacturing sector. Specifically, supply risk is defined as the confluence of three factors: the likelihood of a foreign supply disruption, the dependency of U.S. manufacturers on foreign supplies, and the ability of U.S. manufacturers to withstand a supply disruption. The methodology is applied to 52 commodities for the decade spanning 2007-2016. The results indicate that a subset of 23 commodities, including cobalt, niobium, rare earth elements, and tungsten, pose the greatest supply risk. This supply risk is dynamic, shifting with changes in global market conditions.

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Section: Economic Vulnerabilitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluating the mineral commodity supply risk of the U.S. manufacturing sector

et al. 2020

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“…Hitachi and others have used technologies to reduce REE use in their magnet production. 69 Diffusion technology can reduce REE use by up to 50% by allowing dysprosium or terbium to be placed around the grain rather than through the crystal structure. The element for element substitution, however, is only somewhat possible for NdFeB magnets.…”

Section: Recycling Of Ree Magnetsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The element for element substitution, however, is only somewhat possible for NdFeB magnets. 69 The automotive industry has been a leader in finding alternatives to rare earth-based magnets. 70 The electric induction motor developed by Tesla and wound motor by Renault do not require rare earths.…”

Section: Recycling Of Ree Magnetsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rare earths: A review of the landscape

Ganguli

Cook

2018

MRS Energy & Sustainability

112

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“…While it promotes understandings about substitutions in the context of criticality, other criticality aspects were not considered. In addition, none of these studies (Knoeri et al., ; Mancheri et al., ; Smith & Eggert, ; Sprecher et al., ) statistically validated the relationship between the indicators used and the dynamics of the mineral's market system and industrial ecology.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Toward a dynamic evaluation of mineral criticality: Introducing the framework of criticality systems

Yuan

Yellishetty

Muñoz

et al. 2019

J of Industrial Ecology

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A new methodology to quantify minerals’ criticalities is proposed—the criticality systems of minerals. In this methodology, four types of agents—mineral suppliers, consumers, regulators of the market, and others, such as the communities near mining operations—interact with each other through three types of indicators: constraints, such as the political stability in the mining regions, the mineral's substitutability and economic importance; agents’ interactions, such as buyer–seller bargaining; and interactive variables, such as the demand, supply, and price. When the criticality systems of two mineral groups are constructed, analyses that compare the indicators of these criticality systems can determine which group is more critical than the other. This methodology allows evaluation of criticality in a dynamic and systemic manner.

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Multifaceted Material Substitution: The Case of NdFeB Magnets, 2010–2015

Cited by 30 publications

References 7 publications

Evaluating the mineral commodity supply risk of the U.S. manufacturing sector

Evaluating the mineral commodity supply risk of the U.S. manufacturing sector

Rare earths: A review of the landscape

Toward a dynamic evaluation of mineral criticality: Introducing the framework of criticality systems

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