Multilevel Analysis: Villages do not have Ecological Effect on the Risk of Diabetes Mellitus Type 2 in Surakarta, Central Java

Abstract

Background: Diabetes Melitus (DM) as The Silent Killer has an increasing number of cases. Type 2 diabetes and its complications are a major public health problem worldwide. Type 2 diabetes is influenced by various factors. This study aimed to analyze the contextual effect of village on the risk of type 2 DM. Subjects and Method: This was a case-control study conducted in Surakarta, from November 2019 to January 2020. A sample of 200 patients type 2 DM and non-DM was selected by fixed disease sampling. The dependent variable was type 2 DM. The independent variables were family history of DM, diet, physical activity, Body Mass Index (BMI), central obesity, stress, history of hypertension, and smoking habit. The data were collected by questionnaire and analyzed by a multilevel multiple logistic regression run on Stata 13. Results: The risk of type 2 DM was positively associated with family history of diabetes (b= 2.37; 95% CI= 1.51 to 3.23; p<0.001), poor diet (b= 1.09; 95% CI= 0.71 to 1.86; p= 0.034), low physical activity (b= 1.07; 95% CI= 0.12 to 2.02; p= 0.027), central obesity (b= 1.01; 95% CI= 0.75 to 1.95; p= 0.034), stress (b= 1.07; 95% CI= 0.15 to 1.98; p= 0.022), history of hypertension (b= 1.08; 95% CI= 0.19 to 1.96; p= 0.016), and smoking habit (b= 1.31; 95% CI= 0.22 to 2.39; p= 0.018). Village did not have a contextual effect on the risk of type 2 DM with ICC= 0.01%. Conclusion:The risk of type 2 DM is positively associated with family history of DM, diet, low physical activity, central obesity, stress, history of hypertension, and smoking habit. Village do not have a contextual effect on the risk of type 2 DM.

Path Analysis on the Biopsychosocial and Economic Determinants of Quality of Life in Patients with Type II Diabetes Mellitus: Evidence from Surakarta, Central Java

“…In addition, to replace the calories burned, the glucose was removed from the blood, thus reducing the sugar in circulation. Physical activity also helped people to lose and maintain body weight to avoid obesity because obesity was one of the causes of Type 2 DM (Gita et al, 2020).…”