Nanocellulose and nanoclay as reinforcement materials in polymer composites: A review

Abstract

<jats:p>The advancement of nanotechnology has opened a new opportunity to develop nanocomposites using nanocellulose (NC) and nanoclay (NCl). Researchers have regarded these nanocomposites as promising substitutes for conventional polymers because of their characteristic and useful features, which include exceptional strength and stiffness, low weight, and low environmental impact. These features of NC and NCl explain their multifarious applications across many sectors. Here we review NC and NCl as well as various reinforced polymer composites that are made up of either of the two nanomaterials. The structural and physicochemical properties of NC and NCl are highlighted, along with the mechanical behavior and thermal properties of NC. Current nanomaterial hybrid biopolymers for the production of novel high-performance polymer nanocomposites are also discussed with respect to their mechanical properties.</jats:p>

Review on Hybrid Reinforced Polymer Matrix Composites with Nanocellulose, Nanomaterials, and Other Fibers

“…Different types of nanoclay, including montmorillonite [ 174 , 175 , 176 , 177 , 178 , 179 , 180 , 181 , 182 , 183 , 184 ], saponite [ 180 , 185 , 186 ], bentonite [ 187 ], aminoclay [ 188 ], and vermiculite [ 189 ], have been used to fabricate hybrid nanocellulose-based nanocomposites. In some studies, the hybrid nanocomposites were made by adding another component, such as chitosan [ 177 , 190 ] or a polymer [ 191 , 192 , 193 , 194 , 195 , 196 , 197 ].…”

“…In terms of applications, various studies have attempted to enhance the barrier properties [ 175 , 176 , 177 , 178 , 181 , 182 , 183 , 184 , 186 , 188 , 189 , 190 , 192 , 193 , 195 , 196 , 197 ], mechanical strength [ 175 , 176 , 177 , 178 , 179 , 181 , 182 , 183 , 185 , 186 , 187 , 188 , 189 , 190 , 191 , 193 , 194 ], and fire retardancy [ 175 , 177 , 178 , 193 , 194 ] of nanocellulose-based hybrid composite films. Most of these studies are related to the montmorillonite nanoplatelets.…”

“…A limited number of polymers were used in ternary composites made from nanocellulose and nanoclay, which were poly(vinyl alcohol) [ 194 , 197 ], poly(lactic acid) [ 192 , 196 ], epoxy [ 193 ], and PP [ 195 ]. The objectives of these studies were to improve the barrier [ 192 , 193 , 195 , 196 , 197 ] and mechanical properties [ 191 , 193 , 194 , 195 ]. Liu et al used aminoclay and carboxylated cellulose nanofibrils to fabricate strong, flexible, and transparent hybrid nanocomposites films [ 188 ].…”

Synergistic Effect of Metal Oxide and Carbon Nanoparticles on the Thermal and Mechanical Properties of Polyimide Composite Films

“…In this regard, it seems quite expedient to combine the said types of nanoparticles to tackle the issue of simultaneous and controlled manipulation of a wide range of operating properties of PI nanocomposites. In recent years, novel composite polymer materials filled with binary and even ternary mixtures of nanoparticles have been worked out, spanning from combinations of carbon nanoparticles of various morphologies [ 39 , 40 , 41 , 42 , 43 ] to those of cellulose nanoparticles and clay [ 44 ]. The synergism of the components regarding a number of properties of polymers has been demonstrated.…”

Environmental Impact Assessment in the Synthesis of Antistatic Bionanocomposite Compared with the Synthesis of Polypropylene

“…The antistatic bionanocomposites were synthesised using mono-diacylglycerols (M-DAG) as an antistatic agent [1], cellulose nanocrystals (CNC) as a reinforcement [2], [3], [4], [5], [6], [7], polypropylene (PP) as an thermoplastic matrix [5], [7], and supporting materials consist of maleic anhydride polypropylene (MAPP), antioxidant (AO), and mineral oil (MO) [5], [7]. Synthesis of antistatic bionanocomposites requires energy and costs, which can cause environmental impacts from the use of energy and the resulting waste [8].…”