Neuropeptide S reduces fear and avoidance of con-specifics induced by social fear conditioning and social defeat, respectively

Electroacupuncture Alleviates Pain‐Related Emotion by Upregulating the Expression of NPS and Its Receptor NPSR in the Anterior Cingulate Cortex and Hypothalamus

“…Recently, this paradigm has been successfully exploited to assess the aversion state induced by various noxious stimuli. Previous studies have reported the combination of CFA injection with the CPA paradigm (C-CPA) to examine inflammatory pain and on this basis to further study the affective dimension of pain and confirmed that CPA induced by nociceptive stimuli could lead to acute maintenance of affective response to pain in the pain-paired compartment among different strings of rodents [32,45,46]. Here, we used the C-CPA model as the substrate to verify the establishment of affective pain.…”

“…A pilot and controlled trial demonstrated women who received acupuncture after breast cancer surgery experienced a significantly greater reduction in pain and anxiety [49]. In reports similar to ours, the mitigative effects of EA on the C-CPA model were further elucidated [32,37,44,46]. To address the interventional efficacy of EA on the C-CPA model, we gave this model EA treatment from the conditioning day till day 6.…”

“…Previous studies found that the robust expression of NPS precursor mRNA [27,28] and NPSR mRNA [9,29] dominated in large areas of the rats' brain by the in situ hybridization method, including the amygdala, cortex, and hypothalamus. NPS, binding to its receptor NPSR, increases intracellular calcium concentration and cAMP accumulation and has been validated for the involvement in the modulation of arousal, food intake, analgesia [30,31], and emotional behavior [9,32]. For instance, Jinushi et al found that NPS mediated the activation of central noradrenergic neuronal activity to elicit the antinociceptive effect [30].…”

“…e combination of whole cell patch-clamp recordings and behavioral assays revealed exogenous NPS inhibited the synaptic activation of central nucleus (CeLC) neurons on a cluster of inhibitory intercalated (ITC) cells to perform like an anxiolytic agent [34]. Zoicas et al extended the potent anxiolytic profile of NPS in reducing social fear and social avoidance [32]. On both the elevated plus maze and the open field, male adult Wistar rats showed reduced anxiety-like behavior after bilateral microinfusion of NPS (0.2 nmol/0.5 μl) into the medial amygdala (MeA) [35].…”

Neuropeptide Y prolongs non-social memory and differentially affects acquisition, consolidation, and retrieval of non-social and social memory in male mice

“…Implantation of the guide cannula (21 G, 8 mm length; Injecta GmbH, Germany) for intracerebroventricular (icv) infusions was performed under ketamine-xylazine anesthesia (intraperitoneal injection of 120 mg/kg Ketavet and 16 mg/kg Rompun, respectively) as previously described 28–30 , 2 mm above the right lateral ventricle (from Bregma: +0.2 mm, lateral: +1.0 mm, depth: +1.4 mm). After surgery, mice were handled for 5 days before experiments started.…”