NOMAD buoys: an overview of forty years of use

Timpe, G.L.; Voorde, N. Van de

doi:10.1109/oceans.1995.526788

Cited by 6 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…The surface tether linking ASIS and EASI broke just prior to the collection of these data, making this the last transfer function to be calculated. The 0.4-Hz natural frequency of the heave transfer function is consistent with that reported by Timpe and van de Voorde (1995) for previous NOMAD configurations. Their response amplitude operator (RAO, not defined but presumably the square root of our T) reached a peak of 1.3 at the natural frequency, about 10% lower than our calculations.…”

Section: Performance Of Easi During Itopsupporting

confidence: 89%

“…Their RAO reached a minimum of 0.7 around 0.33 Hz, a behavior not seen in the present data. Timpe and van de Voorde (1995) also report an RAO for pitch that we are not able to estimate from the present data. Their pitch RAO has an amplitude near 1.15 in the range of wave frequencies 0.1-0.2 Hz, and it increases to 2.5 at the natural frequency of 0.38 Hz before dropping off.…”

Section: Performance Of Easi During Itopcontrasting

confidence: 69%

“…This includes the capability of unattended operation for one year, and survivability in a high wind, high sea-state environment. Following a survey of existing platforms, we decided to base the design of the new Extreme Air-Sea Interaction (EASI) buoy on that of the Navy Oceanographic Meteorological Automatic Device (NOMAD) buoy designed in the 1940s for navy use (Timpe and van de Voorde 1995). The 6-m NOMAD buoy is currently used by the U.S. National Data Buoy Center (NDBC) for most of its open-ocean deployments.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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EASI: An Air–Sea Interaction Buoy for High Winds

Drennan

Graber

Collins

et al. 2014

Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology

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This paper describes the new Extreme Air-Sea Interaction (EASI) buoy designed to measure direct air-sea fluxes, as well as mean properties of the lower atmosphere, upper ocean, and surface waves in high wind and wave conditions. The design of the buoy and its associated deep-water mooring are discussed. The performance of EASI during its 2010 deployment off Taiwan, where three typhoons were encountered, is summarized.

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Section: Performance Of Easi During Itopsupporting

confidence: 89%

Section: Performance Of Easi During Itopcontrasting

confidence: 69%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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EASI: An Air–Sea Interaction Buoy for High Winds

Drennan

Graber

Collins

et al. 2014

Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology

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“…NOMAD, Timpe and Van de Voorde, 1995), with extended super-structures generally housing meteorological sensor packages, solar panels for supplemental power, cages to prevent access by sea mammals. The size of discus buoys ranges from slightly more than one meter up to 12 m in diameter (but see the two paragraphs at the end of next subsection 2.5.3).…”

Section: -Buoysmentioning

confidence: 99%

Wave modelling in coastal and inner seas

Cavaleri

Abdalla

Benetazzo

et al. 2018

Progress in Oceanography

175

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In the long term development of the research on wind waves and their modelling, the present situation is framed with a short look at the past, a critical analysis of the present capabilities and a foresight of where the field is likely to go. After a short introduction, Chapter 2 deals with the basic processes at work and their modelling aspects. Chapter 3 highlights the interaction with wind and currents. Chapter 4 stresses the need for a more complete, spectral, approach in data assimilation. Chapter 5 summarizes the situation with a discussion on the present status in wave modelling and a look at what we can expect in the future.

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“…Comparisons of platforms and sensors have been pursued (Schwab and Liu, 1985;Skey et al, 1995;O'Reilly et al, 1996;Teng and Bouchard, 2005;Collins et al, 2014). These efforts are critically important because there were old designs, such as the NOMAD (Timpe and Van de Voorde, 1995) or 3-m discus buoys (Steele et al, 1992) being retired; and it is essential to relate the records of past wave climate, with hundreds of buoy years, to the present and future wave climates.…”

Section: In-situ Measurementsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Observing Sea States

et al. 2019

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Sea state information is needed for many applications, ranging from safety at sea and on the coast, for which real time data are essential, to planning and design needs for infrastructure that require long time series. The definition of the wave climate and its possible evolution requires high resolution data, and knowledge on possible drift in the observing system. Sea state is also an important climate variable that enters in air-sea fluxes parameterizations. Finally, sea state patterns can reveal the intensity of storms and associated climate patterns at large scales, and the intensity of currents at small scales. A synthesis of user requirements leads to requests for spatial resolution at kilometer scales, and estimations of trends of a few centimeters per decade. Such requirements cannot be met by observations alone in the foreseeable future, and numerical wave models can be combined with in situ and remote sensing data to achieve the required resolution. As today's models are far from perfect, observations are critical in providing forcing data, namely winds, currents and ice, and validation data, in particular for frequency and direction information, and extreme wave heights. In situ and satellite observations are particularly critical for the correction and calibration of significant wave heights to ensure the stability of model time series. A number of developments are underway for extending the capabilities of satellites and in situ observing systems. These include the generalization of directional measurements, an easier exchange of moored buoy data, the measurement of waves on drifting buoys, the evolution of satellite altimeter technology, and the measurement of directional wave spectra from satellite radar instruments. For each of these observing systems, the stability of the data is a very important issue. The combination of the different data sources, including numerical models, can help better fulfill the needs of users.

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NOMAD buoys: an overview of forty years of use

Cited by 6 publications

References 4 publications

EASI: An Air–Sea Interaction Buoy for High Winds

EASI: An Air–Sea Interaction Buoy for High Winds

Wave modelling in coastal and inner seas

Observing Sea States

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