Noninvasive Featherlight Wearable Compliant “Marine Skin”: Standalone Multisensory System for Deep‐Sea Environmental Monitoring

Abstract

Advances in marine research to understand environmental change and its effect on marine ecosystems rely on gathering data on species physiology, their habitat, and their mobility patterns using heavy and invasive biologgers and sensory telemetric networks. In the past, a lightweight (6 g) compliant environmental monitoring system: Marine Skin was demonstrated. In this paper, an enhanced version of that skin with improved functionalities (500–1500% enhanced sensitivity), packaging, and most importantly its endurance at a depth of 2 km in the highly saline Red Sea water for four consecutive weeks is reported. A unique noninvasive approach for attachment of the sensor by designing a wearable, stretchable jacket (bracelet) that can adhere to any species irrespective of their skin type is also illustrated. The wearable featherlight (<0.5 g in air, 3 g with jacket) gadget is deployed on Barramundi, Seabream, and common goldfish to demonstrate the noninvasive and effective attachment strategy on different species of variable sizes which does not hinder the animals' natural movement or behavior.

Global Observing Needs in the Deep Ocean

“…Several groups are globally aiming for standardized quality control, metadata, and data sharing of these products (Roquet et al, 2017). Additional sensors and improvements of animal-borne tags are continuously developed, such as active and passive acoustics or imaging (Thomson and Heithaus, 2014;Fregosi et al, 2016), and miniaturization as well as tag attachment (Shaikh et al, 2019). Already these efforts are becoming valuable for conservation policy and management decisions (Hays et al, 2019) and will prove particularly useful in deep-sea environments.…”

Design Analysis and Human Tests of Foil-Based Wheezing Monitoring System for Asthma Detection

“…This device is essentially acts as a standalone add-on. Such addon devices have shown to enhance the functionality of plants, marine animals, and everyday objects [67][68][69][70]. Further information about the electronic interface is available in Supplementary Text which can be found at http://bit.ly/2Ks4Weo.…”

Flexible and Stretchable Electronics for Harsh‐Environmental Applications

“…Thus, the idea of volumetric reduction of the existing electronic devices using different techniques followed by flexible packaging and encapsulation for providing mechanical stability and reliability promises the pragmatic approach as has been discussed in this review article later. [10,65,[78][79][80] 3. Stretchability enables device deformability, which important in particular fields, such as biomedical, textile electronics, robots, and 3D displays.…”

“…Shaikh et al designed a flexible marine skin consisting of a wireless multi-sensory platform that is capable of measuring the temperature, depth, pressure, and salinity with unique features such as being waterproof, lightweight (<2.4g), cost-effective, adaptability to tag a diverse set of underwater animals non-invasively without any discomfort. [10,78] The compared with commercially available bulky products for marine environmental monitoring. [10] The performance of the marine skin is reported to be on par with the commercial devices.…”