Nonionic Microemulsions

Schubert, K. V.; Kaler, Eric W.

doi:10.1002/bbpc.19961000304

Cited by 69 publications

(50 citation statements)

References 94 publications

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“…Different structures within the one phase region are indicated by hatching. [42] In the water-rich region swollen micelles solubilise oil. In the oil-rich region the reverse micelles of nanometer size exist.…”

Section: Solvent Selection For Temperature-dependent Multicomponent Smentioning

confidence: 99%

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Thermoregulated Liquid/Liquid Catalyst Separation and Recycling

2006

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Considerable effort has been done to overcome the loss of catalyst in homogeneously catalysed processes. In this contribution we describe five recycling concepts for thermoregulated catalyst separation and recycling: fluorous biphasic systems (FBS), thermoregulated phase transfer catalysis (TRPTC), soluble polymer-based catalysis, thermoregulated microemulsions and temperature-dependent multicomponent solvent systems (TMS). Each of these concepts has its own special advantages like low catalyst leaching or simple process engineering but also drawbacks like usage of expensive special solvents or complex and expensive catalysts. In this context, TMS systems exhibit most advantages of the other concepts combined with the possibility to use common and cheap solvents as well as numerous classical molecular catalysts. Therefore, TMS systems are expected to be one of the most promising thermomorphic recycling concepts for industrial scale.

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Section: Solvent Selection For Temperature-dependent Multicomponent Smentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[42] Due to their ability to solubilise a broad range of substances of very different polarity, they have been used for phase-transfer catalysis, [43] enzyme catalysis [44] and for the synthesis of nanoparticles. [45] They are thermodynamically stable dispersions of the non-polar liquid, water and surfactants.…”

Section: Thermoregulated Microemulsionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Thermoregulated Liquid/Liquid Catalyst Separation and Recycling

2006

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“…According to this approach, the hydrophilic-lipophilic interaction can be balanced by mixtures of hydrophilic and lipophilic surfactants that form a series of mediating connections to enhance the solubilisation of one phase into the other 34,62,63 .…”

Section: The Linker Effectmentioning

confidence: 99%

Interpenetrating polymer networks templated on bicontinuous microemulsions containing silicone oil, methacrylic acid, and hydroxyethyl methacrylate

2012

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Interest in microemulsions as potential platforms for polymerization stems from the wide range of phase behaviour dependant morphologies and domain sizes that can be generated in a low viscosity environment. By introducing polymerizable components into the oil and aqueous phases of a microemulsion, we may essentially create a low viscosity, low interfacial tension, bicontinuous template with nanostructured morphologies and narrow domain size distributions analogous to those generated through conventional interpenetrating polymer network (IPN) synthesis and spinodal decomposition. The main objective of this dissertation is to test the application of bicontinuous microemulsion templates to the formulation and polymerization of a silicone-hydrogel IPN. In addition, the project expands on the classical definition of IPNs to a scale of entanglement at the level of groups of polymer chains, as opposed to molecular or chain-level entanglement.This study is divided into two main parts. In the first part, silicone microemulsions were developed and characterized according to the Hydrophilic-Lipophilic Difference (HLD) framework. The hydrophobicity of silicone oils, the characteristic curvature of silicone ii surfactants and the co-surfactant contribution of methacrylic acid (MAA) and hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) were quantified. These findings led to the successful formulation of bicontinuous microemulsions (μEs) containing silicone oil, silicone alkyl polyether and reactive monomers in aqueous solution. Ternary phase diagrams of these systems revealed the potential for silicone-containing polymer composites with bicontinuous morphologies.In the second part of this study, the formulation and simultaneous polymerization of polydimethylsiloxane-poly(methacrylic acid -hydroxyethyl methacrylate), (PDMS-P(MAA-HEMA) IPNs from bicontinuous microemulsions was demonstrated. Laser scanning confocal microscopy (LSCM) on swollen polymers highlights aqueous pathways, and indicates the formation of bicontinuous morphologies with domain sizes at equilibrium swelling ranging from ~100 nm to 1 μm. Incorporating polymerizable surfactants into the microemulsion aided in stabilizing the initial microemulsion structure during polymerization. The process developed demonstrates a simple, single-step polymerization approach to forming IPNs from low viscosity microemulsion templates, and could potentially be extended to a variety of hydrophilic and hydrophobic monomers.iii

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“…In contrast to pure monodisperse C i EO j -systems, which are well understood (Schubert et al, 1996), the phase behavior of technical surfactant has not been systematically examined so far. The phase behavior of the water / cyclohexane / Marlipal O 13/60 system in the oil-rich part of the phase triangle was determined by titrating 20 ml binary mixtures of cyclohexane and the surfactant with water at a constant temperature of 25°C until the solution appeared cloudy.…”

Section: Phase Behavior Of the Ternary Mixturementioning

confidence: 98%