Nanomedicine, the integration of nanotechnological tools in medicine demonstrated promising potential to revolutionize the diagnosis and treatment of various human health conditions. Nanoparticles (NPs) have shown much promise in diagnostics of cancer, especially since they can accommodate targeting molecules on their surface, which search for specific tumor cell receptors upon injection into the blood stream. This concentrates the NPs in the desired tumor location. Furthermore, such receptor-specific targeting may be exploited for detection of potential metastases in an early stage. Some NPs, such as superparamagnetic iron oxide NPs (SPIONs), are also compatible with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), which makes their clinical translation and application rather easy and accessible for tumor imaging purposes. Furthermore, multifunctional and/or theranostic NPs can be used for simultaneous imaging of cancer and drug delivery. In this review article, we will specifically focus on the application of SPIONs in early detection and imaging of major cancer types.From the Clinical Editor: Super-paramagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) have been reported by many to be useful as an MRI contrast agent in the detection of tumors. To further enhance the tumor imaging, SPIONs can be coupled with tumor targeting motifs. In this article, the authors performed a comprehensive review on the current status of using targeted SPIONS in tumor detection and also the potential hurdles to overcome. © 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 1 A significant improvement in cancer survival has been noted over the past three decades for most cancer types. This notable and continuous decrement in tumor fatality is related to advanced development in prevention, early diagnosis and therapeutic approaches and decrease in overall prevalence of smoking.1 Early detection of cancer, especially before cancer cells metastasize, is critical for cancer diagnosis, because early stage cancers can be treated more effectively. However, early-stage diagnosis has been difficult to achieve in most cases since clinical symptoms tend to show up at later stages. Therefore, minimally-and non-invasive methods for early detection of cancer are urgently needed in the field. In this regard, many SPION-based systems are under development for more sensitive imaging and earlier detection of tumors. Since non-targeted SPION species cannot readily differentiate cancer tissues from normal tissues, second-generation SPIONs have been developed which are equipped with targeting moieties that can recognize Nanomedicine: Nanotechnology, Biology, and Medicine 12 (2016) 287 -307