“…Model-based techniques are analytical and require knowledge about the applied vehicle model. They optimize either a weighted sum of the fuel consumption and the traveling time (see, e.g., Huang et al 2008;Ivarsson, Aslund, and Nielsen 2008), or the fuel consumption only while considering the traveling time as a constraint (see, e.g., Khmelnitsky 2000;Howlett, Pudney, and Vu 2009;Melnik 2009). Black-box techniques are usually numerical and use the vehicle models without any knowledge of vehicle operation.…”