deviates somewhat from the ideal values. The latter is due to the step discontinuity effect of shunt stubs at the higher frequencies. Notice that the ratio of center frequency of upper stopband to central frequency of lower stopband is 4, which is equal to the value obtained from (4) when X N ¼ 0.4 p.
CONCLUSIONSExplicit formulations regarding bandwidth, central frequency, and ratio of the next higher-order harmonic frequency to the fundamental frequency of a bandstop filter were presented. A high-order bandstop filter implemented with hybrid embedded line, spurline, and conventional microstrip was built and measured to illustrate the validity of the design method.