Origin of non-native Xylosandrus germanus, an invasive pest ambrosia beetle in Europe and North America

Dzurenko, Marek; Ranger, Christopher M.; Hulcr, Jiří; Galko, Juraj; Kaňuch, Peter

doi:10.1007/s10340-020-01283-x

Cited by 23 publications

(26 citation statements)

References 47 publications

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“…Xylosandrus germanus is a xyleborine ambrosia beetle native to southeast Asia but now established throughout much of Europe and North America (Dzurenko et al 2021;Gomez et al 2018). Male X. germanus are flightless, do not possess a mycetangium, and remain in or near their natal gallery for life; females disperse to initiate new colonies and attack recently cut logs, saplings, and mature trees of more than 200 species in managed and unmanaged systems (Galko et al 2018;Ranger et al 2016Ranger et al , 2021.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Electrophysiological and Behavioral Responses of an Ambrosia Beetle to Volatiles of its Nutritional Fungal Symbiont

et al. 2021

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Ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytinae) cultivate their fungal symbiont within host substrates as the sole source of nutrition on which the larvae and adults must feed. To investigate a possible role for semiochemicals in this interaction, we characterized electrophysiological and behavioral responses of Xylosandrus germanus to volatiles associated with its fungal symbiont Ambrosiella grosmanniae. During still-air walking bioassays, X. germanus exhibited an arrestment response to volatiles of A. grosmanniae, but not antagonistic fungi Beauveria bassiana, Metarhizium brunneum, Trichoderma harzianum, the plant pathogen Fusarium proliferatum, or malt extract agar. Solid phase microextraction-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry identified 2-ethyl-1-hexanol, 2-phenylethanol, methyl benzoate and 3-methyl-1-butanol in emissions from A. grosmanniae; the latter two compounds were also detected in emissions from B. bassiana. Concentration-responses using electroantennography documented weak depolarizations to A. grosmanniae fungal volatiles, unlike the comparatively strong response to ethanol. When tested singly in walking bioassays, volatiles identified from A. grosmanniae elicited relatively weak arrestment responses, unlike the responses to ethanol. Xylosandrus germanus also exhibited weak or no long-range attraction to the fungal volatiles when tested singly during field trials in 2016–2018. None of the fungal volatiles enhanced attraction of X. germanus to ethanol when tested singly; in contrast, 2-phenylethanol and 3-methyl-1-butanol consistently reduced attraction to ethanol. Volatiles emitted by A. grosmanniae may represent short-range olfactory cues that could aid in distinguishing their nutritional fungal symbiont from other fungi, but these compounds are not likely to be useful as long-range attractants for improving detection or mass trapping tactics.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Electrophysiological and Behavioral Responses of an Ambrosia Beetle to Volatiles of its Nutritional Fungal Symbiont

et al. 2021

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“…The black timber bark beetle X. germanus is an invasive ambrosia beetle native to East Asia, from the Kuril Islands to Vietnam, presently occurring in Europe, Russia (European and Asiatic Regions), Turkey and North America (Galko et al 2019 ; Dzurenko et al 2020 ; CABI 2019b ; EPPO 2020 ). The species is polyphagous, and the wide range of its host plants includes many ornamentals, forest (broadleaf and more rarely coniferous species) and fruiting trees (Weber and McPherson 1983 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

TaqMan probe assays on different biological samples for the identification of three ambrosia beetle species, Xylosandrus compactus (Eichoff), X. crassiusculus (Motschulsky) and X. germanus (Blandford) (Coleoptera Curculionidae Scolytinae)

Rizzo¹,

Lio

Bartolini³

et al. 2021

3 Biotech

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Molecular assays based on qPCR TaqMan Probes were developed to identify three species of the genus Xylosandrus, X. compactus, X. crassiusculus and X. germanus (Coleoptera Curculionidae Scolytinae). These ambrosia beetles are xylophagous species alien to Europe, causing damages to many ornamental and fruiting trees as well as shrubs. DNA extraction was carried out from adults, larvae and biological samples derived from insect damages on infested plants. For X. compactus, segments of galleries in thin infested twigs were cut and processed; in the case of X. crassiusculus, raw frass extruded from exit holes was used, while DNA of X. germanus was extracted from small wood chips removed around insect exit holes. The assays were inclusive for the target species and exclusive for all the non-target species tested. The LoD was 3.2 pg/µL for the frass of X. crassiusculus and 0.016 ng/µL for the woody matrices of the other two species. Both repeatability and reproducibility were estimated on adults and woody samples, showing very low values ranging between 0.00 and 4.11. Thus, the proposed diagnostic assays resulted to be very efficient also on the woody matrices used for DNA extraction, demonstrating the applicability of the protocol in the absence of dead specimens or living stages.

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“…Xylosandrus germanus (Blandford, 1894), also known as the black stem borer, is a xyleborine beetle native to the Eastern Palearctic and Oriental region [ 16 ] that is now widely established in North America [ 13 ], Europe [ 17 ] and Oceania [ 18 ]. It is a well-founded opinion that X. germanus was introduced and spread outside its territory of origin through timber trade and plants-for-planting [ 19 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Xylosandrus germanus (Blandford, 1894) on Grapevines in Italy with a Compilation of World Scolytine Weevils Developing on Vitaceae

Ruzzier

Prazaru

Faccoli

et al. 2021

Insects

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The invasive ambrosia beetle Xylosandrus germanus (Curculionidae: Scolytinae: Xyleborini) is recorded for the first time infesting wine grapes in Italy. The type of the attack is illustrated and the possible causes of the onset of the infestation are discussed. Furthermore, given the continuously increasing number of alien wood-borer beetles introduced worldwide, we provide and discuss the updated world checklist of Scolytinae attacking Vitaceae, and Vitis sp. in particular.

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Origin of non-native Xylosandrus germanus, an invasive pest ambrosia beetle in Europe and North America

Cited by 23 publications

References 47 publications

Electrophysiological and Behavioral Responses of an Ambrosia Beetle to Volatiles of its Nutritional Fungal Symbiont

Electrophysiological and Behavioral Responses of an Ambrosia Beetle to Volatiles of its Nutritional Fungal Symbiont

TaqMan probe assays on different biological samples for the identification of three ambrosia beetle species, Xylosandrus compactus (Eichoff), X. crassiusculus (Motschulsky) and X. germanus (Blandford) (Coleoptera Curculionidae Scolytinae)

Xylosandrus germanus (Blandford, 1894) on Grapevines in Italy with a Compilation of World Scolytine Weevils Developing on Vitaceae

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