Overview of the blood biomarkers in Alzheimer's disease: Promises and challenges

Delaby, Constance; Hirtz, Christophe; Lehmann, Sylvain

doi:10.1016/j.neurol.2022.09.003

Cited by 24 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 123 publications

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“…It is also an important cytokine at a time when the inflammatory response becomes chronic, as it continues to promote inflammatory responses by affecting microglial cells and the secretion of other inflammatory mediators, further impairing the brain’s cognitive function and, thereby, progressing Alzheimer’s disease [ 199 ]. Additionally, studies show that there is a clear relationship between β-amyloid plaque formation and elevated TNF-α levels found in the blood plasma and cerebrospinal fluid of AD patients [ 200 ]. Treatment with anti-TNF-monoclonal antibodies such as infliximab, adalimubab, and the recombinant etanercept fusion protein has been investigated in animal models in the context of Alzheimer’s disease.…”

Section: Treatment Of Inflammation In Admentioning

confidence: 99%

Inflammatory Processes in Alzheimer’s Disease—Pathomechanism, Diagnosis and Treatment: A Review

Twarowski

Herbet

2023

IJMS

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Alzheimer’s disease is one of the most commonly diagnosed cases of senile dementia in the world. It is an incurable process, most often leading to death. This disease is multifactorial, and one factor of this is inflammation. Numerous mediators secreted by inflammatory cells can cause neuronal degeneration. Neuritis may coexist with other mechanisms of Alzheimer’s disease, contributing to disease progression, and may also directly underlie AD. Although much has been established about the inflammatory processes in the pathogenesis of AD, many aspects remain unexplained. The work is devoted in particular to the pathomechanism of inflammation and its role in diagnosis and treatment. An in-depth and detailed understanding of the pathomechanism of neuroinflammation in Alzheimer’s disease may help in the development of diagnostic methods for early diagnosis and may contribute to the development of new therapeutic strategies for the disease.

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Section: Treatment Of Inflammation In Admentioning

confidence: 99%

Inflammatory Processes in Alzheimer’s Disease—Pathomechanism, Diagnosis and Treatment: A Review

Twarowski

Herbet

2023

IJMS

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“…Overexpression of sTREM2 attenuated tau pathology and cognitive impairment in tau P301S transgenic mice. In addition, sTREM2 ( Laske et al, 2017 ; Hampel et al, 2018 ; Hansson et al, 2018 ; Lleo et al, 2019 ; Doecke et al, 2020 ; Aamodt et al, 2021 ; Clark et al, 2021 ; Simrén et al, 2021 ; Park et al, 2022 ; Zhang et al, 2022 ; Delaby et al, 2023 ; Dinoto et al, 2023 ; Pena-Bautista et al, 2023 ) is the smallest sTREM2 sequence that activates TG2 ( Zhang et al, 2023 ). This active peptide mimics the protective effects of sTREM2 both in vitro and in vivo .…”

Section: Alzheimer’s Disease-related Tau Pathological Changesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Currently, the primary fluid biomarker for studies on AD is CSF. Because of its direct connection with the central nervous system, CSF can better reflect the situation in the brain, and it has been proven to be an excellent source of information for identifying and quantifying biochemical abnormalities within the brain ( Delaby et al, 2023 ). CSF Aβ42, CSF p-tau and CSF total tau protein (t-tau) are the classic and core clinical biomarkers that have been used in the diagnosis of AD.…”

Section: Biomarkers Of Alzheimer’s Diseasementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Increased concentrations of phosphorylated tau in the brain have been connected to a progressive reduction in cognitive function, and research has shown that p-tau concentrations in the CSF are 3.4 times larger in AD patients than in healthy controls, while elevated t-tau is not connected to the course of the disease ( Toledo et al, 2011 ; Laske et al, 2017 ; Müller et al, 2017 ; Clark et al, 2021 ; Frank et al, 2022 ). The assay for p-tau protein in the CSF focused on phosphorylation sites such as Thr181, which showed that the CSF in AD patients had significantly increased ( Delaby et al, 2023 ).…”

Section: Biomarkers Of Alzheimer’s Diseasementioning

confidence: 99%

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Biomarkers associated with the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease

Wang,

Sun,

et al. 2023

Front. Cell. Neurosci.

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Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a progressive degenerative neurological illness with insidious onset. Due to the complexity of the pathogenesis of AD and different pathological changes, the clinical phenotypes of dementia are diverse, and these pathological changes also interact with each other. Therefore, it is of great significance to search for biomarkers that can diagnose these pathological changes to improve the ability to monitor the course of disease and treat the disease. The pathological mechanism hypothesis with high recognition of AD mainly includes the accumulation of β-amyloid (Aβ) around neurons and hyperphosphorylation of tau protein, which results in the development of neuronal fiber tangles (NFTs) and mitochondrial dysfunction. AD is an irreversible disease; currently, there is no clinical cure or delay in the disease process of drugs, and there is a lack of effective early clinical diagnosis methods. AD patients, often in the dementia stages and moderate cognitive impairment, will seek medical treatment. Biomarkers can help diagnose the presence or absence of specific diseases and their pathological processes, so early screening and diagnosis are crucial for the prevention and therapy of AD in clinical practice. β-amyloid deposition (A), tau pathology (T), and neurodegeneration/neuronal damage (N), also known as the AT (N) biomarkers system, are widely validated core humoral markers for the diagnosis of AD. In this paper, the pathogenesis of AD related to AT (N) and the current research status of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and blood related biomarkers were reviewed. At the same time, the limitations of humoral markers in the diagnosis of AD were also discussed, and the future development of humoral markers for AD was prospected. In addition, the contents related to mitochondrial dysfunction, prion virology and intestinal microbiome related to AD are also described, so as to understand the pathogenesis of AD in many aspects and dimensions, so as to evaluate the pathological changes related to AD more comprehensively and accurately.

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“…Tau is a protein predominantly expressed in neurons and glial cells, in the central nervous system (CNS) and, under physiological conditions, is involved in the stabilization and polymerization of microtubules, regulation of axonal transport, and axon growth [ 6 ]. In AD, hyperphosphorylation of tau promotes its dissociation from microtubules, decreasing microtubule stability and favoring tau oligomerization and aggregation into toxic NFTs [ 7 , 8 , 9 ]. For many years, AD disease models have suggested that Aβ trigged a pathophysiological cascade leading to tau misfolding, resulting in neurodegeneration and cognitive decline.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pomegranate: A Source of Multifunctional Bioactive Compounds Potentially Beneficial in Alzheimer’s Disease

et al. 2023

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Pomegranate fruit (PF) is a fruit rich in nutraceuticals. Nonedible parts of the fruit, especially peels, contain high amounts of bioactive components that have been largely used in traditional medicine, such as the Chinese, Unani, and Ayurvedic ones, for treating several diseases. Polyphenols such as anthocyanins, tannins, flavonoids, phenolic acids, and lignans are the major bioactive molecules present in PF. Therefore, PF is considered a source of natural multifunctional agents that exert simultaneously antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antitumor, antidiabetic, cardiovascular, and neuroprotective activities. Recently, several studies have reported that the nutraceuticals contained in PF (seed, peel, and juice) have a potential beneficial role in Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Research suggests that the neuroprotective effect of PF is mostly due to its potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities which contribute to attenuate the neuroinflammation associated with AD. Despite the numerous works conducted on PF, to date the mechanism by which PF acts in combatting AD is not completely known. Here, we summarize all the recent findings (in vitro and in vivo studies) related to the positive effects that PF and its bioactive components can have in the neurodegeneration processes occurring during AD. Moreover, considering the high biotransformation characteristics of the nutraceuticals present in PF, we propose to consider the chemical structure of its active metabolites as a source of inspiration to design new molecules with the same beneficial effects but less prone to be affected by the metabolic degradation process.

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Overview of the blood biomarkers in Alzheimer's disease: Promises and challenges

Cited by 24 publications

References 123 publications

Inflammatory Processes in Alzheimer’s Disease—Pathomechanism, Diagnosis and Treatment: A Review

Inflammatory Processes in Alzheimer’s Disease—Pathomechanism, Diagnosis and Treatment: A Review

Biomarkers associated with the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease

Pomegranate: A Source of Multifunctional Bioactive Compounds Potentially Beneficial in Alzheimer’s Disease

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