Pacific Islanders and Amerindian relatedness according to HLA autosomal genes

Abstract

Americas peopling has recently been explained based only on genetic data. While different First America inhabitants' ethnic groups, Amerindians, Na-Dene speakers, Aleuts and Eskimo there exist, there is no either genetic, cultural or anthropological homogeneity within these groups. In the present work, we have particularly addressed the relatedness of First America Inhabitants with Pacific Islanders by using autosomal genetic markers: the HLA alleles. HLA is the most polymorphic human genetic system accounting for 9,438 alleles; this is most useful for comparing populations relatedness. Ethnic groups of Pacific Islanders and First America Inhabitants have been used. A genealogic study and also a frequency comparison study by using HLA alleles and haplotypes have been carried out. Our conclusions are: 1-Aleuts seem to be a genetic and linguistic separate group which may be related to northern European Lapps, both of them originated in southern Siberia Baikal Lake area. This work partial results were given at a lecture by Antonio Arnaiz-Villena at The Royal Society (London)-June 9th 2011 "Origin of Amerindians and their genetic relatedness with Asian and Pacific islanders " (https://royalsociety.org/events/2011/plagues-pathogens-selection/) -Sesion 3.

Origin of Ancient Canary Islanders Guanches: presence of Atlantic/Iberian HLA and Y chromosome genes and Ancient Iberian language

“…Anthropology, Culture and Language must be taken into the particular genetic context (Arnaiz-Villena et al, 2009;Arnaiz-Villena et al, 2014). Also genes and languages do not correlate (Arnaiz-Villena et al, 2002, Arnaiz-Villena et al, 2009Arnaiz-Villena et al, 2014).…”

Ancestry of Amerindians and its Impact in Anthropology, Transplantation, HLA Pharmacogenomics and Epidemiology by HLA Study in Wiwa Colombian Population

“…Moreover, our present analyses are useful for implementing programs of HLA pharmacogenomics [12,87,103] and preventive medicine of diseases linked to HLA in Wiwa and other Amerindians. Transplantation programs will also benefit when established in Amerindian areas [12,87,103].…”

“…Also, Amerindians entrance from Asia may have occurred through Coastal Pacific line [11]. A Trans-Pacific route of people from Asia or Polynesia [12] has been suggested because HTLV-1 virus strains shared identical traits both in Japan and South America [13] and certain HLA alleles may have been introduced by the same route [14,15]. In the same way, "quasi-specific" Amerindian HLA alleles, like A*02:12 or B*39:05 [16], have been found in unrelated individuals of Easter Island, which implies an early contact between Easter Islanders Polynesians and Amerindians [17].…”

“…4-Mesoamericans are grouped together because of they bear more ancient Olmec culture traits and present paper HLA results. 5-Genetics is not able by itself to find out in space and time Americas peopling and First America Inhabitants relatedness with Pacific Islanders [12].…”

Origin of Azeris (Iran) according to HLA genes

“…: 1977 HLA-DRB1 alleles have been described up to December 2016 (Robinson et al 2015)). Due to the fact that HLA gene frequencies have both a large degree of variability and a remarkable geographical correlation, HLA genes are used as a powerful genetic markers to infer genetic background, ethnical composition of modern human populations and also for tracing migration of ancient ones: certain alleles are very frequent only in specific populations (some specific alleles and haplotypes in Amerindians (Arnaiz-Villena et al 2010;Arnaiz-Villena et al 2014;Arnaiz-Villena et al 2016a;Arnaiz-Villena et al 2016b)); and also, the strong linkage disequilibrium between HLA neighboring loci demonstrates that certain combinations of contiguous alleles (HLA haplotypes) show a characteristic frequency or are distinctive in certain living populations (Martinez-Laso et al 2001;Gonzalez-Galarza et al 2011). Thus, HLA genetic system is a unique tool for studying the origins of relatively isolated groups, like Azeris (also called Azerbaijanis) living not only in Azerbaijan but also in North Iran (Fig 1).…”