Paenibacillus guangzhouensis sp. nov., an Fe(III)- and humus-reducing bacterium from a forest soil

Abstract

A Gram-reaction-variable, rod-shaped, motile, facultatively aerobic and endospore-forming bacterium, designated strain GSS02 T , was isolated from a forest soil. Strain GSS02 T was capable of reducing humic substances and Fe(III) oxides. Strain GSS02 T grew optimally at 35 6C, at pH 78 and in the presence of 1 % NaCl. The predominant menaquinone was MK-7. The major cellular fatty acids were anteiso-C 15 : 0 and iso-C 16 : 0 and the polar lipid profile contained mainly phosphatidylethanolamine, diphosphatidylglycerol and phosphatidylglycerol, with moderate amounts of two unknown aminophospholipids and a minor amount of one unknown lipid. The DNA G+C content was 53.4 mol%. Comparative 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis showed that strain GSS02 T was related most closely to Paenibacillus terrigena JCM 21741 T (98.1 % similarity). Mean DNA-DNA relatedness between strain GSS02 T and P. terrigena JCM 21741 T was 58.8±0.5 %. The phylogenetic, chemotaxonomic and phenotypic results clearly demonstrated that strain GSS02 T belongs to the genus Paenibacillus and represents a novel species, for which the name Paenibacillus guangzhouensis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is GSS02 T (5KCTC 33171 T 5CCTCC AB 2013236 T ).Humic substance-and Fe(III)-reducing bacteria, which are very common in terrestrial and aquatic environments, can oxidize organic matter with the reduction of humic substances or Fe(III) oxides under anoxic conditions. They can influence the aqueous geochemistry, surface chemistry and mineralogy of these environments (Fredrickson & Gorby, 1996;Chapelle, 2001). Studies have demonstrated that many bacteria in the genera Geobacter, Shewanella, Geothrix, Sphingomonas (Coates et al., 1998(Coates et al., , 1999Ding et al., 2014) and Paenibacillus (Esham et al., 2000;Ahmed et al., 2012) are capable of microbial reduction of humic substances or Fe(III) oxides.The genus Paenibacillus, which was first proposed by Ash et al. (1993Ash et al. ( /1994, belongs to the family Paenibacillaceae. At the time of writing, 154 species and four subspecies of the genus Paenibacillus have been described (http://www. bacterio.net/index.html). In general, bacteria of the genus Paenibacillus are aerobic or facultatively anaerobic, rodshaped and endospore-forming (Ash et al., 1993(Ash et al., /1994, with anteiso-C 15 : 0 as the major fatty acid and a DNA G+C content of 40-54 mol% (Ash et al., 1993(Ash et al., /1994 Shida et al., 1997a, b). Since the genus was first described, members of the genus Paenibacillus have been isolated from various ecological habitats, including air (Rivas et al. (Zhang et al., 2013). In this study, a strain of humic substance-and Fe(III)-reducing bacterium was isolated from a forest soil and characterized based on evidence from phylogenetic, chemotaxonomic and phenotypic properties, and its Fe(III)-and humus-reducing abilities were demonstrated. Strain GSS02 T was isolated from a forest soil sample taken from Huolu Mountain in Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China (GPS coordinates 23 u 189 N 113 u 399 E)....

Ecological Functions of Agricultural Soil Bacteria and Microeukaryotes in Chitin Degradation: A Case Study

“…OTU 203 was affiliated with Paenibacillus , a genus that comprises several species that can ferment chitin (Lee et al, 2004). Interestingly, some members of the Acidobacteria and Paenibacillus can use sugars as electron donors during iron reduction (Kulichevskaya et al, 2014; Li et al, 2014) and thus it might be possible that the labeled Acidobacteria and Paenibacillus phylotypes coupled chitin mineralization to iron reduction. However, both OTUs were also labeled at the end of the experiment when the pool of available ferric iron was depleted, indicating that these taxa were not restricted to iron reduction.…”

“…The Paenibacillus OTUs were labeled during the whole experiment. Paenibacillaceae are known to be chitinolytic and capable of ferric iron reduction (Lee et al, 2004; Raza and Shen, 2010; Li et al, 2014). Thus, we think that Paenibacillaceae were partly responsible for the anaerobic mineralization of chitin and the observed ferric iron reduction in the second half of the experiment.…”

Stable-Isotope Probing-Enabled Cultivation of the Indigenous Bacterium Ralstonia sp. Strain M1, Capable of Degrading Phenanthrene and Biphenyl in Industrial Wastewater

“…Following gel purification with a gel extraction kit (D2500-01; Omega Bio-tek, Norcross, GA, USA), the PCR products were cloned and sequenced. In addition, the morphological and physiological characteristics were studied using a method described previously (78).…”

“…The growth conditions (i.e., pH, temperature, and salinity) were established by following previously reported methods (78). To confirm PHE and BP utilization by the strains isolated, their optimal growth curves and degrading efficiencies were investigated as described previously (12).…”

Paenibacillus ripae sp. nov., isolated from bank side soil

“…At the time of writing, this genus comprises 165 species and four subspecies with validly published names (http://www.bacterio.net/paenibacillus.html). Members of the genus Paenibacillus have been isolated from a wide variety of sources including forest soil (Li et al , 2014), desert sand (Jeon et al , 2009), estuarine wetland (Bae et al , 2010), a paper mill (Kämpfer et al , 2012), the sputum of a patient with pulmonary disease (Kim et al , 2010), surface-sterilized seeds of the garden pea (Šmerda et al , 2005), a cold spring (Tang et al , 2011), Antarctic sediment (Montes et al , 2004), root nodules of Cicer arietinum (Carro et al , 2013), duckweed (Kittiwongwattana & Thawai, 2015) and so on. Members of the genus are rod-shaped, Gram-positive or -negative staining with some displaying variable staining.…”