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A Gram-reaction-variable, rod-shaped, motile, facultatively aerobic and endospore-forming bacterium, designated strain GSS02 T , was isolated from a forest soil. Strain GSS02 T was capable of reducing humic substances and Fe(III) oxides. Strain GSS02 T grew optimally at 35 6C, at pH 78 and in the presence of 1 % NaCl. The predominant menaquinone was MK-7. The major cellular fatty acids were anteiso-C 15 : 0 and iso-C 16 : 0 and the polar lipid profile contained mainly phosphatidylethanolamine, diphosphatidylglycerol and phosphatidylglycerol, with moderate amounts of two unknown aminophospholipids and a minor amount of one unknown lipid. The DNA G+C content was 53.4 mol%. Comparative 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis showed that strain GSS02 T was related most closely to Paenibacillus terrigena JCM 21741 T (98.1 % similarity). Mean DNA-DNA relatedness between strain GSS02 T and P. terrigena JCM 21741 T was 58.8±0.5 %. The phylogenetic, chemotaxonomic and phenotypic results clearly demonstrated that strain GSS02 T belongs to the genus Paenibacillus and represents a novel species, for which the name Paenibacillus guangzhouensis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is GSS02 T (5KCTC 33171 T 5CCTCC AB 2013236 T ).Humic substance-and Fe(III)-reducing bacteria, which are very common in terrestrial and aquatic environments, can oxidize organic matter with the reduction of humic substances or Fe(III) oxides under anoxic conditions. They can influence the aqueous geochemistry, surface chemistry and mineralogy of these environments (Fredrickson & Gorby, 1996;Chapelle, 2001). Studies have demonstrated that many bacteria in the genera Geobacter, Shewanella, Geothrix, Sphingomonas (Coates et al., 1998(Coates et al., , 1999Ding et al., 2014) and Paenibacillus (Esham et al., 2000;Ahmed et al., 2012) are capable of microbial reduction of humic substances or Fe(III) oxides.The genus Paenibacillus, which was first proposed by Ash et al. (1993Ash et al. ( /1994, belongs to the family Paenibacillaceae. At the time of writing, 154 species and four subspecies of the genus Paenibacillus have been described (http://www. bacterio.net/index.html). In general, bacteria of the genus Paenibacillus are aerobic or facultatively anaerobic, rodshaped and endospore-forming (Ash et al., 1993(Ash et al., /1994, with anteiso-C 15 : 0 as the major fatty acid and a DNA G+C content of 40-54 mol% (Ash et al., 1993(Ash et al., /1994 Shida et al., 1997a, b). Since the genus was first described, members of the genus Paenibacillus have been isolated from various ecological habitats, including air (Rivas et al. (Zhang et al., 2013). In this study, a strain of humic substance-and Fe(III)-reducing bacterium was isolated from a forest soil and characterized based on evidence from phylogenetic, chemotaxonomic and phenotypic properties, and its Fe(III)-and humus-reducing abilities were demonstrated. Strain GSS02 T was isolated from a forest soil sample taken from Huolu Mountain in Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China (GPS coordinates 23 u 189 N 113 u 399 E)....

A Gram-stain positive, facultative aerobic bacterium, designated as strain GSS03(T), was isolated from a paddy field soil. The cells were observed to be endospore forming, rod-shaped and motile with flagella. The organism was found to grow optimally at 35 °C at pH 7.0 and in the presence of 1 % NaCl. The strain was classified as a novel taxon within the genus Bacillus on the basis of phenotypic and phylogenetic analyses. The closest phylogenetic relatives were identified as Bacillus psychrosaccharolyticus DSM 6(T) (97.61 %), Bacillus muralis DSM 16288(T) (97.55 %), Bacillus asahii JCM 12112(T) (97.48 %), Bacillus simplex DSM 1321(T) (97.48 %) and "Bacillus frigoritolerans" DSM 8801(T) (97.38 %). The menaquinone was identified as MK-7, the major cellular fatty acid was identified as anteiso-C15:0 and the major cellular polar lipids as phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylmonomethylethanolamine, diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol and three unknown polar lipids. The DNA G+C content was determined to be 40.2 mol%. The DNA-DNA relatedness with the closest relatives was below 48 %. Therefore, on the basis of all the results, strain GSS03(T) is considered to represent a novel species within the genus Bacillus, for which the name Bacillus huizhouensis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is GSS03(T) (=KCTC 33172(T) =CCTCC AB 2013237(T)).

A Gram-stain positive, rod-shaped, endospore-forming and facultatively anaerobic halotolerant bacterium, designated as C-89(T), was isolated from a paddy field soil in Haikou, Hainan Province, People's Republic of China. Optimal growth was observed at 37 °C and pH 7.0 in the presence of 4% NaCl (w/v). The predominant menaquinone was identified as MK-7, the major cellular fatty acids were identified as anteiso-C(15:0) and iso-C(15:0), and the major cellular polar lipids were identified as phosphatidylethanolamine, diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol and two unknown phospholipids. The peptidoglycan type was determined to be based on meso-DAP. Based on 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity, the closest phylogenetic relatives were identified as Bacillus vietnamensis JCM 11124(T) (98.8% sequence similarity), Bacillus aquimaris JCM 11545(T) (98.6%) and Bacillus marisflavi JCM 11544(T) (98.5%). The DNA G+C content of strain C-89(T) was determined to be 45.4 mol%. The DNA-DNA relatedness values of strain C-89(T) with its closest relatives were below 18%. Therefore, on the basis of phylogenetic, chemotaxonomic, and phenotypic results, strain C-89(T) can be considered to represent a novel species within the genus Bacillus, for which the name Bacillus haikouensis sp. nov., is proposed. The type strain is C-89(T) (=KCTC 33545(T) = CCTCC AB 2014076(T)).