Particle and trace gas emission factors under urban driving conditions in Copenhagen based on street and roof-level observations

Ketzel, Matthias; Wåhlin, Peter; Berkowicz, Ruwim; Palmgren, Finn

doi:10.1016/s1352-2310(03)00245-0

Cited by 223 publications

(167 citation statements)

References 27 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

145

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…Only daily values with ΔNOx N20 μg m − 3 were selected. This approach has been used in several earlier studies (Ketzel et al, 2003;Omstedt et al, 2005;Johansson et al, 2009), showing a satisfactory theoretical basis. This is basically based into two assumptions: a) emissions affecting the reference site are affecting also the more trafficked site; b) emissions at the trafficked site have a negligible impact into the reference site.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A comprehensive assessment of PM emissions from paved roads: Real-world Emission Factors and intense street cleaning trials

Amato

Nava

Lucarelli

et al. 2010

Science of The Total Environment

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Compliance with air quality standards requires control of source emissions: fine exhaust particles are already subject to regulation but vehicle fleets increase whilst the non-exhaust emissions are totally uncontrolled. Emission inventories are scarce despite their suitability for researchers and regulating agencies for managing air quality and PM reduction measures. Only few countries in Europe proposed street cleaning as a possible control measure, but its effectiveness is still far to be determined. This study offers first estimates of Real-world Emission Factors for PM 10 and brake-wear elements and the effect on PM 10 concentrations induced by intense street cleaning trials. A straightforward campaign was carried out in the city of Barcelona with hourly elemental composition of fine and coarse PM to detect any short-term effect of street cleaning on specific tracers of non-exhaust emissions. Samples were analyzed by Particle Induced X-Ray Emission. Real-world Emission Factor for PM 10 averaged for the local fleet resulted to be 97 mg veh. When compared to other European studies, our EF resulted higher than what found in UK, Germany, Switzerland and Austria but lower than Scandinavian countries. For brake-related elements, total EFs were estimated, accounting for the sum of direct and resuspension emissions, in 7400, 486, 106 and 86 μg veh, respectively for Fe, Cu, Sn and Sb. In PM 2.5 Fe and Cu emission factors were respectively 4884 and 306 μg veh − 1 km − 1 .Intense street cleaning trials evidenced a PM 10 reduction at kerbside of 3 μg m − 3 (mean daily levels of 54 μg m − 3 ), with respect to reference stations. It is important to remark that such benefit could only be detected in small time-integration periods (12:00-18:00) since in daily values this benefit was not noticed. Hourly PM elemental monitoring allowed the identification of mineral and brake-related metallic particles as those responsible of the PM 10 reduction.

show abstract

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A comprehensive assessment of PM emissions from paved roads: Real-world Emission Factors and intense street cleaning trials

Amato

Nava

Lucarelli

et al. 2010

Science of The Total Environment

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…(1) tunnel measurements, 4 (2) inverse-dispersion modeling of streets 5 and street canyons, 6 and (3) mass conservation box model of open road measurements. 7 Other means of estimating the real-world emission factors include direct measurements of the tail pipe emissions either by using remote sensing techniques, such as open path Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, 8,9 or using on-board instruments to measure emissions.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development of an Empirical Model to Estimate Real-World Fine Particulate Matter Emission Factors: The Traffic Air Quality Model

Soliman

Jacko

Palmer

2006

Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The purpose of the study was to quantify the impact of traffic conditions, such as free flow and congestion, on local air quality. The Borman Expressway (I-80/94) in Northwest Indiana is considered a test bed for this research because of the high volume of class 9 truck traffic traveling on it, as well as the existing and continuing installation of the Intelligent Transportation System (ITS) to improve traffic management along the highway stretch. An empirical traffic air quality (TAQ) model was developed to estimate the fine particulate matter (PM 2.5 ) emission factors (grams per kilometer) based solely on the measured traffic parameters, namely, average speed, average acceleration, and class 9 truck density. The TAQ model has shown better predictions that matched the measured emission factor values more than the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)-PART5 model. During congestion (defined as flow-speeds Ͻ50 km/hr [30 mi/hr]), the TAQ model, on average, overpredicted the measured values only by a factor of 1.2, in comparison to a fourfold underprediction using the EPA-PART5 model. On the other hand, during free flow (defined as flowspeeds Ͼ80 km/hr [50 mi/hr]), the TAQ model was conservative in that it overpredicted the measured values by 1.5-fold.

show abstract

“…What happened is particle size distributions from different sources measured at different times are numerically mixed, and, in particular, the 50 nm mode is significantly enhanced. In the literature, these time-averaged size distributions are often attributed to particle evolutions and/or to engine operating conditions (Zhu et al, 2002a, b;Bukowiecki et al, 2003;Gidhagen et al, 2003;Ketzel et al, 2003;Sturm et al, 2003;Morawska et al, 2006). It becomes obvious that numerically mixing physically meaningful particle modes from different sources could and would yield complicated particle spectra, and trying to explain them from an evolutionary point of view may not be valid.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

On the time-averaging of ultrafine particle number size spectra in vehicular plumes

et al. 2006

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Abstract. Ultrafine vehicular particle (<100 nm) number size distributions presented in the literature are mostly averages of long scan-time (∼30 s or more) spectra mainly due to the non-availability of commercial instruments that can measure particle distributions in the <10 nm to 100 nm range faster than 30 s even though individual researchers have built faster (1-2.5 s) scanning instruments. With the introduction of the Engine Exhaust Particle Sizer (EEPS) in 2004, high time-resolution (1 full 32-channel spectrum per second) particle size distribution data become possible and allow atmospheric researchers to study the characteristics of ultrafine vehicular particles in rapidly and perhaps randomly varying high concentration environments such as roadside, on-road and tunnel. In this study, particle size distributions in these environments were found to vary as rapidly as one second frequently. This poses the question on the generality of using averages of long scan-time spectra for dynamic and/or mechanistic studies in rapidly and perhaps randomly varying high concentration environments. One-second EEPS data taken at roadside, on roads and in tunnels by a mobile platform are time-averaged to yield 5, 10, 30 and 120 s distributions to answer this question.

show abstract

Particle and trace gas emission factors under urban driving conditions in Copenhagen based on street and roof-level observations

Cited by 223 publications

References 27 publications

A comprehensive assessment of PM emissions from paved roads: Real-world Emission Factors and intense street cleaning trials

A comprehensive assessment of PM emissions from paved roads: Real-world Emission Factors and intense street cleaning trials

Development of an Empirical Model to Estimate Real-World Fine Particulate Matter Emission Factors: The Traffic Air Quality Model

On the time-averaging of ultrafine particle number size spectra in vehicular plumes

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About