Particle-Size Evidence for Source Areas of Charcoal Accumulation in Late Holocene Sediments of Eastern North American Lakes

Abstract

Two methods of analyzing charcoal in sediment reveal changes in charcoal accumulation across temperate eastern North America during the last several hundred years. In one method the analyst counts mostly small particles that reflect regional emissions; in the other, the analyst counts only larger particles derived mostly from such local sources as catchment fires. We used these methods to compare charcoal accumulation at 14 lakes from the prairie/forest border in Minnesota to eastern Maine. The two methods gave concordant accumulation rates for sediments of pre-1850 age at each of 4 lakes analyzed by both methods. This concordance is consistent with the interpretation that pre-1850 emissions were controlled by broad-scale factors, such as climatically controlled regional differences in fuels and moisture. Since 1900 large particles decreased greatly, and small particles decreased slightly, in Minnesota and Wisconsin. By contrast in the Northeast the large particle accumulation has remained at the low values measured in pre-1900 sediments at most sites, while small particles increased everywhere east of central New York and Pennsylvania. The observed patterns suggest that (1) large particles primarily reflect local fires that were common in the Midwest before fire suppression became effective, (2) large particles were rare in the Northeast, especially before extensive land clearance, (3) small particles reflect regional combustion that increased in the Northeast after extensive use of fire for land clearance and wood burning for industrial purposes of the 19th century, and (4) small particles remain abundant in the Midwest long after effective fire suppression, probably because these well-dispersed small particles have a large source area that extends beyond the local wildfires that account for large particles before European settlement.

Fire responses to postglacial climate change and human impact in northern Patagonia (41–43°S)

“…The material was wet-screened through a 125-mm-mesh sieve, and charcoal particles were identified under a stereomicroscope. Particles within this relatively large-size class (i.e., macrocharcoal) are expected to be the product of fires near the lake (67) and are widely used as a proxy of local biomass burning (57,66). Charcoal concentrations and deposition times were calculated and converted to CHARs (particles per cm 2 ·y −1 ) so as to override the effects of changing sedimentation rates (57).…”

New insights into vegetation, climate and fire history of southern Brazil revealed by a 40,000 year environmental record from the State Park Serra do Tabuleiro

“…Local palaeofires could not be detected based on the concentration of charred particles, as the counted particles sizes (5-150 lm) were mostly too small to give certainty about this. The counted sedimentary charcoal fragments (normally \50 lm) indicate distant or regional fire events (Clark and Royall 1995;Carcaillet et al 2001).…”

Lateglacial and Holocene vegetation history in the Insubrian Southern Alps—New indications from a small-scale site

“…To improve spatial resolution analyses of pollen and microscopic charcoal were combined with plant macrofossils (Birks and Birks 2000;Birks 2003) and macroscopic charcoal (Clark 1995;Whitlock and Larsen 2001). The main aims of the presented investigation were (1) to reconstruct local vegetation and fire history for a small-scale site in the Insubrian lowlands and (2) to discuss potential differences between this and previous studies in the region.…”