Passive sampler for monitoring ambient nitric acid (HNO) and nitrous acid (HNO) concentrations

Bytnerowicz, Andrzej; Sanz, María José; Arbaugh, Michael J.; Padgett, Pamela E.; Jones, David P.H.; Dávila, Antonio

doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2005.01.018

Cited by 57 publications

(63 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…Ammonia, NO 2 and NO x were measured with Ogawa samplers (Fenn et al, 2009;Ogawa, and Company, USA, Inc., 2006;Roadman et al, 2003). Nitric acid was measured with nylon filter type samplers (Bytnerowicz et al, 2005). This passive sampler monitoring was done from 2005 to 2014 at three sites: Tanbark Flat on the eastern edge of greater Los Angeles; Camp Paivika, a highly-polluted forested site on the western edge of the San Bernardino Mountains located about 80 km east of Los Angeles, and the Santa Margarita Ecological Reserve, 60 km south of Riverside, California (Fig.…”

Section: Case Studies 231 Passive Sampler Measurements Of Atmosphementioning

confidence: 99%

On-road emissions of ammonia: An underappreciated source of atmospheric nitrogen deposition

Fenn

Bytnerowicz

Schilling

et al. 2018

Science of The Total Environment

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H I G H L I G H T S• This study documents the increasing importance of on-road emissions of NH 3.• NO x emissions control mechanisms frequently result in NH 3 production and emissions.• NH 3 is an important driver of N deposition in urban-affected areas and near roadways.• NH 4 -N:NO 3 -N ratios in urban deposition are indicative of elevated NH 3 emissions.• On-road NH 3 emissions exceed agricultural emissions where 40% of the U.S. resides. We provide updated spatial distribution and inventory data for on-road NH 3 emissions for the continental United States (U.S.) On-road NH 3 emissions were determined from on-road CO 2 emissions data and empirical NH 3 :CO 2 vehicle emissions ratios. Emissions of NH 3 from on-road sources in urbanized regions are typically 0.1-1.3 t km −2 yr −1 while NH 3 emissions in agricultural regions generally range from 0.4-5.5 t km G R A P H I C A L A B S T R A C T a b s t r a c t a r t i c l e i n f o, with a few hotspots as high as 5.5-11.2 t km −2 yr −1. Counties with higher vehicle NH 3 emissions than from agriculture include 40% of the U.S. population. The amount of wet inorganic N deposition as NH 4 + from the National Atmospheric Deposition Program (NADP) network ranged from 37 to 83% with a mean of 58.7%. Only 4% of the NADP sites across the U.S. had b45% of the N deposition as NH 4 + based on data from 2014 to 2016, illustrating the near-universal elevated proportions of NH 4 + in deposition across the U.S. Case studies of on-road NH 3 emissions in relation to N deposition include four urban sites in Oregon and Washington where the average NH 4 -N:NO 3 -N ratio in bulk deposition was 2.3. At urban sites in the greater Los Angeles Basin, bulk deposition of NH 4 -N and NO 3 -N were equivalent, while NH 4 -N:NO 3 -N in throughfall under shrubs ranged from 0.6 to 1.7. The NH 4 -N:NO 3 -N ratio at 7-10 sites in the Lake Tahoe Basin averaged 1.4 and 1.6 in bulk deposition and throughfall, and deposition of NH 4 -N was strongly correlated with summertime NH 3 concentrations. On-road

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Section: Case Studies 231 Passive Sampler Measurements Of Atmosphementioning

confidence: 99%

On-road emissions of ammonia: An underappreciated source of atmospheric nitrogen deposition

Fenn

Bytnerowicz

Schilling

et al. 2018

Science of The Total Environment

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“…In 2007 summer air concentrations of NH 3 , O 3 , and NO 2 were measured using Ogawa filters (Ogawa and Company, Pompano Beach, Florida, USA,) and concentrations of HNO 3 were determined using the passive techniques of Bytnerowicz et al (2005). Gases were sampled during the dry 6-month period (May-October) when high levels of leachable NO 3 À and NH 4 þ accumulate in lichen thalli in the study region (Boonpragob et al 1989).…”

Section: Study Area and Site Criteriamentioning

confidence: 99%

Eutrophic lichens respond to multiple forms of N: implications for critical levels and critical loads research

Jovan

Riddell

Padgett

et al. 2012

Ecological Applications

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Abstract. Epiphytic lichen communities are highly sensitive to excess nitrogen (N), which causes the replacement of native floras by N-tolerant, ''weedy'' eutrophic species. This shift is commonly used as the indicator of ecosystem ''harm'' in studies developing empirical critical levels (CLE) for ammonia (NH 3 ) and critical loads (CLO) for N. To be most effective, empirical CLE and/or CLO must firmly link lichen response to causal pollutant(s), which is difficult to accomplish in field studies in part because the high cost of N measurements limits their use. For this case study we synthesized an unprecedented array of atmospheric N measurements across 22 long-term monitoring sites in the Los Angeles Basin, California, USA: gas concentrations of NH 3 , nitric acid (HNO 3 ), nitrogen dioxide, and ozone (n ¼ 10 sites); N deposition in throughfall (n ¼ 8 sites); modeled estimates of eight different forms of N (n ¼ 22 sites); and nitrate deposition accumulated on oak twigs (n ¼ 22 sites). We sampled lichens on black oak (Quercus kelloggii Newb.), and scored plots using two indices of eutroph (N tolerant species) abundance to characterize the community-level response to N. Our results contradict two common assertions about the lichen-N response: (1) that eutrophs respond specifically to NH 3 and (2) that the response necessarily depends upon the increased pH of lichen substrates. Eutroph abundance related significantly but weakly to NH 3 (r 2 ¼ 0.48). Total N deposition as measured in canopy throughfall was by far the best predictor of eutroph abundance (r 2 ¼ 0.94), indicating that eutrophs respond to multiple forms of N. Most N variables had significant correlations to eutroph abundance (r 2 ¼ 0.36-0.62) as well as to each other (r 2 ¼ 0.61-0.98), demonstrating the risk of mistaken causality in CLE/CLO field studies that lack sufficient calibration data. Our data furthermore suggest that eutroph abundance is primarily driven by N inputs, not substrate pH, at least at the high-pH values found in the basin (4.8-6.1). Eutroph abundance correlated negatively with trunk bark pH (r 2 ¼ 0.43), exactly the opposite of virtually all previous studies of eutroph behavior. This correlation probably results because HNO 3 dominates N deposition in our study region.

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“…One filter from each batch of 100 is extracted and analyzed for the intended species and the batch is rejected if excessive blank levels exceeding 0.5 lg per filter are detected. Nylonmembrane filter (Pall 2016) acceptance testing is especially important as it passively absorbs nitric acid vapors when exposed to the atmosphere (Bytnerowicz et al 2005). Acceptance-tested filters are then placed in Aerosol Sci Eng (2017) 1:7-24 9 clean Petri slides or Petri dishes with bar-coded IDs, then sorted and sealed into ziplock bags prior to being loaded into sealed filter holders for shipment to and from field sites.…”

Section: Recent Reviews Of Liquid Chromatography (Lc) Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Enhanced Ion Chromatographic Speciation of Water-Soluble PM$$_{2.5}$$ to Improve Aerosol Source Apportionment

Chow

Watson

2017

Aerosol Sci Eng

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Ion chromatography (IC) is widely used to quantify sulfate, nitrate, ammonium, sodium, chloride, and potassium from PM 2:5 water extracts. IC hardware and software have progressed to allow a broader range of water-soluble compounds to be determined for the existing anion and cation programs and on the same solutions using analytical column, eluent, and detector modifications. Alkylamine, organic acid, and carbohydrate quantification by IC expands the number of source markers, especially for different types of biomass burning and secondary organic aerosols. Although modern systems are highly automated, internal quality control (QC) and external quality assurance (QA) programs are essential. QC includes detailed standard operating procedures, calibration over the range of expected concentrations, performance tests with independent standards, inspection of filters and chromatograms, and anion/cation balances. QA consists of independent system and performance audits, analysis of externally prepared performance samples, and interlaboratory comparisons. The additional water-soluble species provide compounds for speciated emission inventories, source markers to refine aerosol source apportionment, and increased understanding of global carbon, sulfur, and nitrogen cycles.

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Passive sampler for monitoring ambient nitric acid (HNO) and nitrous acid (HNO) concentrations

Cited by 57 publications

References 19 publications

On-road emissions of ammonia: An underappreciated source of atmospheric nitrogen deposition

On-road emissions of ammonia: An underappreciated source of atmospheric nitrogen deposition

Eutrophic lichens respond to multiple forms of N: implications for critical levels and critical loads research

Enhanced Ion Chromatographic Speciation of Water-Soluble PM$$_{2.5}$$ to Improve Aerosol Source Apportionment

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