Patient‐Specific Organoid and Organ‐on‐a‐Chip: 3D Cell‐Culture Meets 3D Printing and Numerical Simulation

Abstract

The last few decades have witnessed diversified in vitro models to recapitulate the architecture and function of living organs or tissues and contribute immensely to advances in life science. Two novel 3D cell culture models: 1) Organoid, promoted mainly by the developments of stem cell biology and 2) Organ‐on‐a‐chip, enhanced primarily due to microfluidic technology, have emerged as two promising approaches to advance the understanding of basic biological principles and clinical treatments. This review describes the comparable distinct differences between these two models and provides more insights into their complementarity and integration to recognize their merits and limitations for applicable fields. The convergence of the two approaches to produce multi‐organoid‐on‐a‐chip or human organoid‐on‐a‐chip is emerging as a new approach for building 3D models with higher physiological relevance. Furthermore, rapid advancements in 3D printing and numerical simulations, which facilitate the design, manufacture, and results‐translation of 3D cell culture models, can also serve as novel tools to promote the development and propagation of organoid and organ‐on‐a‐chip systems. Current technological challenges and limitations, as well as expert recommendations and future solutions to address the promising combinations by incorporating organoids, organ‐on‐a‐chip, 3D printing, and numerical simulation, are also summarized.

An Organ System-Based Synopsis ofPseudomonas aeruginosaVirulence

“…Even though human lungs contain a repertoire of more than 60 specialized cells, we have initiated the next level of lung 3D bioprinting and transcriptomics profiling by focusing on lung epithelial and alveolar cells, leading to a systematic scaling-up approach for additional lung cells and vascularized constructs (Kukavica-Ibrulj I, Potvin, M. and Levesque R. C., unpublished). Another area of advances is in the development of organoids derived from human pluripotent stem cells to model organ development and disease pathogenesis, including in the context of lung–pathogen interactions [ 468–470 ]. Combining these new advances with newly developed high-definition spatial transcriptomics [ 471 , 472 ] that can be coupled with single-cell analysis [ 473 , 474 ] to perform in situ profiling of infected organs and tissues will be highly desirable.…”

Advanced Hydrogel systems for mandibular reconstruction

“…3D bioprinting opens new possibilities for site-specific arrangements of multiple cell types and the generation of fine features embedded in structures for mandibular reconstruction [ 233 , 234 ]. This allows for multicellular hydrogel fabrication and different polymers assembling.…”

Digital Technologies: Advancing Individualized Treatments through Gene and Cell Therapies, Pharmacogenetics, and Disease Detection and Diagnostics

“…Another cell therapy platform is the organoid. Organoids are 3D multicellular tissue constructs that closely resemble functional organs, and their biological complexity provides new opportunities and challenges in data analytics [ 34 ], as well as chances to reduce the reliance on animal models [ 35 ], with higher physiological relevance [ 36 ] and automation [ 37 ].…”