PDMS‐Based Elastomer Tuned Soft, Stretchable, and Sticky for Epidermal Electronics

Jeong, Seung Hee; Zhang, Shuo; Hjort, Klas; Hilborn, Jöns; Wu, Zhigang

doi:10.1002/adma.201505372

Cited by 308 publications

(291 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…PEIE in PDMS enhances the adhesive force to skin. [29] Utilizing this phenomenon, CNT was mixed with the adhesive PEIE-PDMS layer to add conductivity. Normal adhesive force tests were conducted by attaching/peeling the layer onto/from a stainless plate.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Efficient Skin Temperature Sensor and Stable Gel‐Less Sticky ECG Sensor for a Wearable Flexible Healthcare Patch

Yamamoto

Takada

et al. 2017

Adv Healthcare Materials

244

190

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Because a wearable device comprised of a flexible film should be comfortable to wear over the skin, several reports have focused on the film thickness to prepare ultrathin films that are a few micrometers or nanometers thick. [26,27] Thinning a film to this scale should realize a film capable of covering the skin asperity conformally, resulting in a good comfort while wearing and a relatively strong adhesion on skin without glue. However, ultrathin films can be difficult to handle and attach to skin. Additionally, assembling other components such as a signal processing circuit and battery without sacrificing the advantage of thickness remains challenging. Thus, many reports still employ both ultrathin film flexible devices and relatively thick films (several hundred micrometers). [1,[4][5][6][7]9,12,16,18,19,22,28] However, the effect of film thickness on sensing has yet to be discussed, although a systematical study is important to realize precise health data recordings. In addition to the wearability and film thickness depedences, biocompatibility of the sensor and film materials is another important parameter to consider for the practical application as a wearable device.In this study, we explore the dependence of the temperature change, which is measured by a printed temperature sensor fabricated on polyethylene terephthalate (PET), on thickness. A thick film was selected due to handling ease and ability to integrate other components in the future. However, some sensors such as an ECG sensor must attach onto skin with good adhesion without sacrificing conductivity, and a relatively thick flexible film itself cannot attach to skin without an adhesion layer. To create good adhesion between an ECG sensor and skin without losing conductivity, a high adhesive conductive polymer onto skin is also developed. Although gel-based electrodes are often used in medical applications, gel-based electrodes are unsuited for long-time measurements due to skin irritation. [15] Thus, we developed a gel-less sticky electrode using biocompatible materials by characterizing the adhesion, impedance between skin and the ECG sensor, and repeatability for use. Finally, as a proofof-concept demonstration, simultaneous efficient skin temperature and ECG signal recordings were conducted using a conductive polymer with an optimized film thickness. Figure 1a describes an integrated device image with a temperature sensor, an ECG sensor, an equivalent circuit between Wearable, flexible healthcare devices, which can monitor health data to predict and diagnose disease in advance, benefit society. Toward this future, various flexible and stretchable sensors as well as other components are demonstrated by arranging materials, structures, and processes. Although there are many sensor demonstrations, the fundamental characteristics such as the dependence of a temperature sensor on film thickness and the impact of adhesive for an electrocardiogram (ECG) sensor are yet to be explored in detail. In this study, the effect of film thickness for skin te...

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Efficient Skin Temperature Sensor and Stable Gel‐Less Sticky ECG Sensor for a Wearable Flexible Healthcare Patch

Yamamoto

Takada

et al. 2017

Adv Healthcare Materials

244

190

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“…The GF was constructed from the random accumulation of graphite fibers with an average diameter of ≈10 µm, creating an interconnected porous structure ( Figure a). To achieve the photo‐to‐heat and waterproofing ability of the PTJA, the nonporous layer was fabricated with a CB/PDMS composite by blade coating and subsequent thermal curing, in which CB nanoparticles possessing a high photothermal ability served as the light absorber and hydrophobic PDMS acted as a film‐forming component . Here, the viscosity of the CB/PDMS precursor directly determines the formation of a nonporous layer and the combination of nonporous layer and porous layer.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Photothermal Janus Anode with Photosynthesis‐Shielding Effect for Activating Low‐Temperature Biological Wastewater Treatment

Zhang

Wang

You

et al. 2019

Adv Funct Materials

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Biological wastewater treatment (BWT), which is used to manage global wastewater, suffers from a sharp decrease in microbial activity at low temperature (<10 °C). Photothermal technology with a high energy efficiency theoretically exceeding 80% has the potential to activate low‐temperature BWT. However, photothermal BWT is threatened by the propagation of photosynthetic algae in wastewater under irradiation, and these microorganisms can suppress the functional bacteria or even kill anaerobic species by photosynthetically releasing oxygen. Herein, taking microbial fuel cells (MFCs) as a representative biological reactor, a photothermal Janus anode (PTJA) is designed, composed of a carbon black/polydimethylsiloxane photothermal nonporous layer and a graphite felt porous layer to promote low‐temperature BWT. Unlike traditional symmetrical porous anodes, the nonporous layer of the PTJA can isolate the wastewater in the porous layer from light irradiation during photothermal conversion, thus preventing photosynthetic algae from poisoning anaerobic functional microbes. Under ≈1 sun illumination, the PTJA MFC exhibits 1.6 and 24.2 times higher organic pollutant removal rate and power density generation, respectively, than MFCs using traditional anodes for low‐temperature BWT (7.0 ± 2.0 °C). This development can allow novel utilization of solar energy and is a promising resolution for low‐temperature BWT.

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“…[37][38][39][40] For example, Wu and co-workers demonstrated a highly sticky, stretchable, and soft PDMS (S3-PDMS), which is achieved by simple processes and widely used siloxane precursors. In order to improve the adhesion between attached components and the substrate, various surface treatment technologies, such as chemical functionalization, ultraviolet exposure, and oxygen plasma, have been used to modify its hydrophobic surface to make it more hydrophilic.…”

Section: Wwwadvmattechnoldementioning

confidence: 99%

“…The author also compared the Sylgard 184 and EcoFlex 00-30 with the S3-PDMS. [40] Copyright 2016, Wiley-VCH. Besides, some new design ideas can further inspire researchers, such as the elastomer engineering, [41] strain engineering, [42] and the elimination of substrates.…”

Section: Wwwadvmattechnoldementioning

confidence: 99%

Recent Advances in Smart Wearable Sensing Systems

Lou

Wang

Shen

2018

Adv Materials Technologies

158

114

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a research field that integrates a highly diverse range of researchers and practitioners, including electronics, bioengineering, systems engineering, materials science, and other interdisciplinary expertise. [12][13][14][15] However, wearable sensors currently face great challenges because they are still in the initial stage of development. [16] For example, wearable sensors need to be integrated into the proper shape surfaces with compatibility, durability, and abrasion resistance. [17,18] Existing commercial wearable sensing devices are mainly implemented by encapsulating integrated circuits on rigid packaged solid substrates. But rigid packages are not mechanically compatible with soft and curved human bodies, resulting in unreliable measurement results due to measurement positions changed and unreliable skin contact. [19,20] In addition, smart wearable sensing requires complex sensing systems, which can complete a variety of functional electronic components, including data acquisition and processing, equipment operation control, intelligent data display, and self-powered operation.Despite these challenges, new SWSS with flexibility and stretchability has been evolved over the years as the ability to process large amounts of information in real time grows rapidly. [18,21,22] Flexible and stretchable electronic devices are emerging technologies that aim to fabricate electronic circuits on "soft" substrates to achieve mechanical flexibility and stretchable of sensor components, making it possible to construct SWSS with unique characteristics, such as great conformability, excellent stretchability, low cost, and low weight. [23] Flexible sensors can capture target analytes more effectively and produce high-quality signals, while the traditional ones are unable to capture poor quality signal transduction analytes due to their rigidity hindering. [24] In particularly, users can perceive their surroundings in a convenient, effective, and timely manner with the SWSS help. In recent years, the focus on the construction of ultrathin flexible and stretchable sensors has prompted emerging applications of SWSS. [25][26][27][28] Meanwhile, the development of SWSS has become a revolutionary process in sensing technology. In general, the key factor of the SWSS is to respond quickly and accurately to the detection target and then transmit the processed data to the user in an easy to operate display mode. [18] However, despite the rapid growth of wearable and flexible sensing technologies, few SWSSs appear on the market due to their inherent limitations. Therefore, a comprehensive review and systematic summary of the latest technology in the development of SWSS will be beneficial for the entire field.Wearable technology with widespread public attention has generated tremendous economic and social impact, resulting in changes in healthcare procedures and personal lifestyle. Smart wearable sensing systems, as an important type of device in wearable technology which can detect various stimuli relevant to biological species or spe...

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PDMS‐Based Elastomer Tuned Soft, Stretchable, and Sticky for Epidermal Electronics

Cited by 308 publications

References 32 publications

Efficient Skin Temperature Sensor and Stable Gel‐Less Sticky ECG Sensor for a Wearable Flexible Healthcare Patch

Efficient Skin Temperature Sensor and Stable Gel‐Less Sticky ECG Sensor for a Wearable Flexible Healthcare Patch

Photothermal Janus Anode with Photosynthesis‐Shielding Effect for Activating Low‐Temperature Biological Wastewater Treatment

Recent Advances in Smart Wearable Sensing Systems

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