Peptaibols and Related Peptaibiotics ofTrichoderma

Abstract

Peptaibols and the related peptaibiotics are linear, amphipathic polypeptides. More than 300 of these secondary metabolites have been described to date. These compounds are composed of 5-20 amino acids and are generally produced in microheterogeneous mixtures. Peptaibols and peptaibiotics with unusual amino acid content are the result of non-ribosomal biosynthesis. Large multifunctional enzymes known as peptide synthetases assemble these molecules by the multiple carrier thiotemplate mechanism from a remarkable range of precursors, which can be N-methylated, acylated or reduced. Peptaibols and peptaibiotics show interesting physico-chemical and biological properties including the formation of pores in bilayer lipid membranes, as well as antibacterial, antifungal, occasionally antiviral activities, and may elicit plant resistance. The three-dimensional structure of peptaibols and peptaibiotics is characterized predominantly by one type of the helical motifs alpha-helix, 3(10)-helix and beta-bend ribbon spiral. The aim of this review is to summarize the data available about the biosynthesis, biological activity and conformational properties of peptaibols and peptaibiotics described from Trichoderma species.

Antagonistic and Biocontrol Potential of Trichoderma asperellum ZJSX5003 Against the Maize Stalk Rot Pathogen Fusarium graminearum

“…Trichoderma spp., also secrete a chemically diverse range of secondary metabolites, including peptaibols, polyketides, pyrones, terpenes, and polypeptides [27,28]. A previous study reported on the significance of secondary metabolites in the antagonistic action of Trichoderma spp., against the pathogenic fungi Pythium ultimum and Rhizoctonia solani [10,29].…”

Two Classes of New Peptaibols Are Synthesized by a Single Non-ribosomal Peptide Synthetase of Trichoderma virens

“…Within the genus Trichoderma/Hypocrea, so far peptaibol subfamilies 1, 4, 5 and 9 have been described (18). Subfamily 1 (SF1) comprises about half of the known structures and includes peptides ranging from 18 to 20 residues in length.…”

“…The role of peptaibols in sporulation and mycoparasitism has been hypothesized (24), and their involvement in induced disease resistance in plants has been demonstrated (18,(25)(26)(27). Recently, a microheterogenous mixture of 20-residue peptaibols isolated from an endophytic biocontrol strain of Trichoderma citrinoviride has been demonstrated to have antifungal activities against several important forest tree pathogens, thus implicating their role in biocontrol (28).…”

Occurrence of filamentous fungi in Simulium goeldii Cerqueira & Nunes de Mello (diptera: simuliidae) larvae in central Amazonia, Brazil

“…Several papers about Trichoderma have reported its potential for producing antibiotic peptides and hydrolytic enzymes; however, there is no report of the use of these metabolites to control insects (4,10,24,25).…”