Permittivity-Inspired Microwave Resonator-Based Biosensor Based on Integrated Passive Device Technology for Glucose Identification

Abstract

In this study, we propose a high-performance resonator-based biosensor for mediator-free glucose identification. The biosensor is characterized by an air-bridge capacitor and fabricated via integrated passive device technology on gallium arsenide (GaAs) substrate. The exterior design of the structure is a spiral inductor with the air-bridge providing a sensitive surface, whereas the internal capacitor improves indicator performance. The sensing relies on repolarization and rearrangement of surface molecules, which are excited by the dropped sample at the microcosmic level, and the resonance performance variation corresponds to the difference in glucose concentration at the macroscopic level. The air-bridge capacitor in the modeled RLC circuit serves as a bio-recognition element to glucose concentration (εglucoseC0), generating resonant frequency shifts at 0.874 GHz and 1.244 GHz for concentrations of 25 mg/dL and 300 mg/dL compared to DI water, respectively. The proposed biosensor exhibits excellent sensitivity at 1.38 MHz per mg/dL with a wide detection range for glucose concentrations of 25–300 mg/dL and a low detection limit of 24.59 mg/dL. Additionally, the frequency shift and concentration are highly linear with a coefficient of determination of 0.98823. The response time is less than 3 s. We performed multiple experiments to verify that the surface morphology reveals no deterioration and chemical binding, thus validating the reusability and reliability of the proposed biosensor.

Commercial and Scientific Solutions for Blood Glucose Monitoring—A Review

“…This significantly depends on the chosen operating frequency, which defines the penetration depth. The working frequencies are mostly in the range of 0-6 GHz [32,92,[95][96][97]99,104,105,[138][139][140], and the others are in the range of 10-20 GHz [93,98]. In general, the higher the frequency, the lower the penetration depth.…”

Advances in flexible sensors for intelligent perception system enhanced by artificial intelligence

“…Humans and higher animals possess abundant sensory organs that can sense external stimuli through vision, hearing, taste, touch, smell, and intuition (sixth sense) to acquire environmental information 1 . Inspired by this, researchers have developed a series of flexible sensors that can match or even surpass human sensory capabilities, such as optoelectronic sensors, acoustic sensors, biosensors, tactile sensors, gas sensors, and magnetic sensors 2–11 . Unlike conventional, bulky, and rigid material‐based electronic devices, flexible sensors present unique flexibility, stretchability, and sensing performance, and these properties can be further improved by introducing functional materials and innovative structures.…”

“…1 Inspired by this, researchers have developed a series of flexible sensors that can match or even surpass human sensory capabilities, such as optoelectronic sensors, acoustic sensors, biosensors, tactile sensors, gas sensors, and magnetic sensors. [2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11] Unlike conventional, bulky, and rigid material-based electronic devices, flexible sensors present unique flexibility, stretchability, and sensing performance, and these properties can be further improved by introducing functional materials and innovative structures. Flexible sensors can form a tight attachment on dynamic and irregular surfaces (such as human skin and flexible robots), which reduces interference from external stimuli substantially and enables high-fidelity and high-precision data acquisition.…”

Incorporating Wireless Strategies to Wearable Devices Enabled by a Photocurable Hydrogel for Monitoring Pressure Information

“…[ 21–24 ] Hitherto, they have been applied for wireless measurement of pressure, temperature, humidity, and specific components in sweat, which is promising for environmental monitoring, implantable medicine, and so on. [ 25–28 ]…”