Persaingan Akses Sumber Daya Air di Yeh Ho, Tabanan, Bali

Abstract

Subak is a traditional Balinese water management organization with simple irrigation instruments, yet recognized as having high social resilience. This organization is not solely related to engineering elements, but also having socio-techno-religious characteristics. The politics of mass tourism development that promotes the development of infrastructures and public facilities by exploiting natural resources including land and water have caused land conversion and water utilization in a large scale, threatening the sustainability of subak. This research aims to examine the dynamics of water resource economic politics and its impact on subak institution which serves as one of the main pillar of development in Bali. Using a qualitative method, this research found that: (1) the politics of water economy was very dynamic, involving various local, national, and global actors with different interest and ideology; (2) the priority of mass tourism in Bali had led to a battle over access to water resources with both immaterial and material conflicts; (3) growthoriented agricultural development had systematically reduced the socio-capital of subak; (4) the politics of development and the products of the state power (laws and policies) had systematically weakened the products of subak community power (awig-awig and perarem), so that the existence of subak as an irrigation organization that became the basis of strength for supporting food security was increasingly pressured. Keywords: subak, mass tourism, water resources, Tabanan ABSTRAKSubak merupakan organisasi pengelola air khas Bali dengan alat irigasi yang sederhana namun diakui memiliki resiliensi sosial yang tinggi. Organisasi ini tidak semata-mata terkait dengan unsur-unsur keteknikan, melainkan bersifat sosial-tekno-religius. Politik pembangunan pariwisata massal yang memacu laju pembangunan infrastruktur dan fasilitas publik dengan pemanfaatan sumber daya alam termasuk lahan dan air menyebabkan alih fungsi lahan dan pemanfaatan air secara besar-besaran sehingga mengancam keberlangsungan subak. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mempelajari dinamika politik ekonomi sumber daya air dan dampaknya bagi kelembagaan subak yang menjadi salah satu pilar utama pembangunan di Bali. Penelitian dengan metode kualitatif ini menemukan bahwa: (1) politik ekonomi air sangat dinamis melibatkan beragam aktor lokal, nasional, global dengan kepentingan dan ideologi yang berbeda-beda; (2) prioritas pariwisata massal di Bali telah menyebabkan terjadinya pertarungan akses terhadap sumber daya air dengan konflik immaterial maupun material; (3) pembangunan pertanian yang berorientasi pertumbuhan secara sistematis telah mereduksi capital social subak; (4) politik pembangunan dan produksi kekuasaan negara (UU dan kebijakan) secara sistematis melemahkan produksi kekuasaan komunitas subak (awig-awig dan perarem) sehingga eksistensi subak sebagai organisasi pengairan yang menjadi basis kekuatan mendukung ketahanan pangan semakin terdesak.

Redesigning Legal Environment Through Environment Education Relating to The Right to Get Fresh Water

“…The strengthening and preservation of local culture to produce fresh water in areas are very useful for the consumption, swimming pool, industry, tourist arena, and finally to Bali's economy. For example, Subak namely irrigating rice fields in social, technological, and religious at Hindu society [18] can be developed to obtain fresh water by removing waste that can damage the natural beauty, ecosystem, and the health of vicinity, accompanied by environmental education giving rise taste and attitude to not have the heart and love the surrounding environment.…”

Sistem Kelembagaan Organisasi Subak Sebagai Pengelola Sumber Daya Air Berkelanjutan

“…Subak di Bali terus mengalami pelemahan fungsi sebagai dampak dari pesatnya perkembangan sektor parisiwata dan pertumbuhan jumlah penduduk di Bali (Tarigan et al 2016) Bertahannya Subak Babakan Bayu dalam menjaga eksistensi di tengah maraknya industrialisasi di Jembrana, serta banyaknya subak lainnya yang telah mengalami pelemahan nilai-nilai dan fungsi subak, membuat peneliti tertarik untuk memahami lebih dalam tentang bagaimana sistem kelembagaan organisasi subak di Subak Babakan Bayu sebagai pengelola sumber daya air berkelanjutan. Apabila mengetahui maupun memahami lebih dalam terkait sistem kelembagaan subak, maka ini akan berkontribusi besar dalam bidang tata kelola air (water governance) sehingga dapat mengantisipasi konflik antara masyarakat dengan pemerintah, maupun antara organisasi kelembagaan subak dengan investor.…”

The Efficiency of Water in Supporting Local Wisdom and Food Sustainability in Subak Sange, Bali Indonesia

“…In the long run, an increased demand potentially leads to a water conflict (Ashofteh Parisa-Sadat et al, 2017;Luo et al, 2015;Petersen-Perlman et al, 2017;Wu et al, 2016). Water resources may associate with environmental problems leading to conflicts when the resources are limited (Boulay et al, 2018;Tarigan et al, 2016). Therefore, water has become an essential natural resource for all living creatures.…”

“…The culture of intimate solidarity among Subak farmers is tight in the management of agricultural water. This culture is very unique, therefore many efforts have been performed to reveal on this (e.g., Jansing et al, 2020;Tarigan et al, 2016;Yekti et al, 2017). This research will focus on Subak Sange, with the specific objective to identify: (i) local wisdom of Subak Sange, (ii) the effect of irrigation water frequency on pests and diseases outbreaks and tobacco yields, (iii) irrigation efficiency on rice plants with chili-tobacco intercropping, and (iv) the feasibility analysis of tobacco farming in supporting food sustainability in irrigated farmlands.…”