Persistence of immune responses to vaccine against haemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome in healthy adults aged 16–60 years: results from an open-label2-year follow-up study

Abstract

The two primary doses could help healthy individuals to generate an immune response, and this three-dose series may be better than a two-dose regimen.

Vaccines and Therapeutics Against Hantaviruses

“…The Epidemiology of HFRS and HCPS China has the highest incidence and mortality of HFRS in the world, accounting for more than 90% of the total number of HFRS cases in the world (Zheng et al, 2018). In 2004, the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (China CDC) established the National Notifiable Disease Surveillance System (NNDSS) online, and HFRS cases of the whole country were reported daily through this system (Zhang et al, 2014).…”

“…We can observe that the annual average number of cases in Shaanxi Province was higher than 2000, ranking at the top of the list (Figure 1). From 2006 to 2017, Shaanxi has gradually become the province with the highest incidence in China, with approximately 4.51 cases/100,000 cases, of which more than 90% are concentrated in the central region (Xi'an, Xianyang, Baoji, and Weinan cities) (Zheng et al, 2018). By November 20 of 2017, 878 people were recorded infected in Shaanxi Province (Dong et al, 2019).…”

“…Phase 4 clinical trials of inactivated hantavirus vaccine showed that the median OD values of IgG antibody were 0.005 (0.004-0.016), 0.116 (0.036-0.620), 0.320 (0.065-0.848), and 0.128 (0.011-0.649), and that the positivity rate was 7.7, 40.6, 62.2, and 48.2% at pre-vaccination, 1 month after the two primary doses, at the booster dose and at 18 months after the booster dose, respectively. Although two main doses can help healthy individuals develop immune responses, the three-dose series should be better than the two-dose series (Zheng et al, 2018). Another clinical study in Xian Yang city in northwest China showed that the positive rate of neutralizing antibody in the unvaccinated group was 10.0%, and the positive rate was 80.0, 90.0, 50.0, and 90%, respectively, at 1, 3, 29, and 33 months after immunization with a vaccine consisting of a mixture of inactivated HTNV and SEOV.…”

UK vaccines network: Mapping priority pathogens of epidemic potential and vaccine pipeline developments

“…A second attenuated tetravalent Dengue vaccine is under development by Takeda and has shown promising results in a phase 2 clinical trial [23]. There are now two licensed inactivated hantavirus vaccines which are available in South Korea (Hantavax), and China (HFRS vaccine) [24][25][26], but these vaccines are not available elsewhere. Inactivated plague vaccines have been manufactured since the 1890s [27] however there are currently no vaccines of this type being marketed.…”

A new Seasonal Difference Space-Time Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average (SD-STARIMA) model and spatiotemporal trend prediction analysis for Hemorrhagic Fever with Renal Syndrome (HFRS)

“…It combines Spatial Autocorrelation (SAR), a Spatial Moving Average (SMA) and Spatial Regression (SR). A large number of studies had shown that, whilst the ARIMA model provided better fitting results for data with a relatively stable temporal distribution and no strong spatial autocorrelation, its effectiveness for prediction relating to spatiotemporally heterogenous sample data was much weaker [ 30 – 32 ]. Cliff and Ord’s Spatiotemporal Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average (STARIMA) extended beyond the ARIMA model [ 33 ].…”