“…The discovery of organic conducting polymers in Shirakawa's laboratory in the early 1970s and the demonstration by MacDiarmid et al of the semiconducting properties of polyacetylene (Shirakawa et al, 1977) paved the way for an intense research activity on these materials to exploit these conducting properties. Thus, over the last decades, other organic semiconducting polymers like polypyrrole, polyaniline, polythiophene, or polycarbazole have been gaining increasing interest, owing to their interesting physicochemical properties, for many different applications including flexible electronics (Savagatrup et al, 2014;Lee et al, 2018), optoelectronics (Ouyang et al, 2005;Akiyama et al, 2009;Cai et al, 2017), and energy storage devices (Mali et al, 2015;Bryan et al, 2016;Kausar, 2017).…”