Physiologic Responses to Treadmill and Water Running

Bishop, Phillip A.; Frazier, Scott; Smith, J. F.; Jacobs, Donna

doi:10.1080/00913847.1989.11709707

Cited by 49 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…Bishop et al, (1989) reported a higher O2 pulse during DWR compared with TMR. Similar results were found with the subjects in the present study in which O2 pulse during DWR was 4.34 and 3.81 during TMR (p<0.01).…”

Section: O2 Pulsementioning

confidence: 99%

Maximal Physiological Responses to Deep Water Running at Thermoneutral Temperature.

1999

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Abstract. This study investigated the metabolic demands of deep water running (DWR) compared with those of treadmill running (TMR) while the water and ambient temperatures were kept under thermoneutral condition. Two maximal tests, one on treadmill and the other running in deep water using the Wet Vest (Lincoln life jacket) were undertaken by twenty healthy non-smoker males (Age=28.0 -9.2 years). The order of trials was counterbalanced with half of the subjects completing the treadmill first and the rest completing the water • running first. Oxygen consumption (VO2), ventilation, heart rate (HR), respiratory exchange ratio (RQ), ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) and blood lactate were • measured. VO2max (2.68 vs 3.40 ml/kg/min), HRmax (171.5 vs 190.8 beats/min), maximal minute ventilation (98.5 vs 113.3 l/min), and peak blood lactate value (10.44 vs 12.47 mmol/l) in response to DWR were significantly lower than those of TMR in the thermoneutral conditions.• The lower VO2max and HRmax values of DWR compared to those of TMR are shown to be attributed to the hydrostatic effects caused by water and different muscle recruitment patterns between DWR and TMR. (Appl Human Sci, 18 (2): 31-35, 1999) •

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Section: O2 Pulsementioning

confidence: 99%

Maximal Physiological Responses to Deep Water Running at Thermoneutral Temperature.

1999

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“…An important factor in deep wawater running is the skill of the athlete. Studies have found the heart rate-V02 relationship and the rate of perceived exertion in deepwater running to be skill dependent (6,31). Those individuals who were less skilled used greater arm movement to maintain position in the water, thereby increasing their heart rate and rate of perceived exertion.…”

Section: Lmmersion and Exercise Responsementioning

confidence: 99%

Aquatic-Based Rehabilitation and Training for the Elite Athlete

Thein

Brody²

1998

J Orthop Sports Phys Ther

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A thletes of all ages enjoy participating in sporting activities. Children and adolescents participate in youth sports teams, while adults enjoy events such as running races, triathlons, and adult sport leagues. This type of recreational sportsenthusiast comprises the majority of the athletic population. However, a small percentage of athletes chooses to pursue a higher and more demanding level of training and competition. Some athletes excel in a sport early in adolescence and focus exclusively on those physical skills. Master-level athletes are continuing to compete well into the fifth and sixth decades of life. Athletes of this caliber level are training harder, competing more often, and taking less time to taper. As such, the elite athlete frequently suffers from overuse injuries, particularly soft tissue injuries, such as tendinitis, bursitis, and stress fractures. Selfcare for the average athletic population may include temporary rest and discontinued training. Research has shown that 3 weeks of inactivity can lead to a significant loss of cardiovascular fitness, where 6 weeks of rest can lead to a decrease of as much as 14-16% of maximal oxygen consumption (1 0.1 1,27). Because of such losses and demanding competition schedules, the elite athlete is often under time constraints for injury rehabilitation. As such, many athletes have found utili7ation of a water-based program during their "active rest" Elite athletes are competing for longer seasons, training more hours, and taking less time off. This schedule may predispose the elite athlete to overuse injuries. When an injury occurs, aquaticbased rehabilitation may expedite the recovery process, as effective cardiovascular and musculoskeletal training may be accomplished by aquatic exercise. The pool may be used both during rehabilitation and postrecovery as an adjunctive tool. Knowledge of the unique physical properties of water, as well as the physiological responses to immersion both at rest and during exercise, will aid the physical therapist when designing a rehabilitation or training program for the athlete. Understanding the principles of movement in water will provide a foundation for creative use of water's unique properties.

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“…For this reason, water walking and jogging are also effective exercises for individuals with body-weight problems and people of middle and advanced age. Many previous studies have reported metabolic and cardiorespiratory responses during walking and jogging in a pool (Evans et al, 1978;Whitley and Schoene, 1987;Bishop et al, 1989;Ritchie and Hopkins, 1991;Town and Bradley, 1991;Gehring et al, 1992), but it was difficult to fix the physical and physiological intensity for walking and jogging in a pool.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Physiological Responses and RPE during Underwater Treadmill Walking in Women of Middle and Advanced Age.

Shono¹,

Fujishima²,

Hotta³

et al. 2000

J. Physiol. Anthropol.

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The purpose of this study was to examine the physiological responses and RPE during water walking using the Flowmill, which has a treadmill at the base of a water flume, in order to obtain basic data for prescribing water walking for people of middle and advanced age. Twenty healthy female volunteers with an age of 59.1 ± 5.2 years took part in this study. They belonged to the same swimming club and regularly swam and exercised in water. Walking in water took place in the Flowmill. Subjects completed four consecutive bouts of 4 min duration at progressively increasing speeds (20, 30, 40 and 50 m/min) with 1 min rest between each bout. In addition, water velocity was adjusted to the walking speed of each bout. Subjects were instructed to swing both arms in order to maintain their balance during walking in water. The water depth was to the level of the xiphoid process and the water temperature was 30.31 ± 0.08°C. Both heart rate (HR) and oxygen • uptake (VO2) increased exponentially as walking speed • increased. HR was 125 ± 15 bpm, and VO2 was 18.10 ± 2.72 ml/kg·min -1 during walking in water at 50 m/ min, which was the highest speed. The exercise intensity at this speed was equivalent to 5.2 ± 0.8 Mets. The• relationship between HR and VO2 during walking in water showed a highly significant linear relationship in each subject. There was also a highly significant linear • relationship in the mean HR and VO2 of all subjects. Blood lactate concentration (LA) measured at rest and immediately after each bout was 1.1 ± 0.4 mmol/l at rest, 1.0 ± 0.2 mmol/l at 20 m/min, 1.0 ± 0.3 mmol/l at 30 m/ min, 1.1 ± 0.2 mmol/l at 40 m/min, and 2.4 ± 0.7 mmol/ l at 50 m/min. LA at 50 m/min was significantly higher than at rest and at the other speeds. The relationship between HR and RPE during walking in water showed a highly significant linear relationship. The relationship between walking speed and energy expenditure calculated• from VO2 and the respiratory exchange ratio (R) showed a high significant exponential relationship. These results suggested that HR and RPE can be effective indices for exercise prescription during Flowmill walking as with land walking.

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Physiologic Responses to Treadmill and Water Running

Cited by 49 publications

References 5 publications

Maximal Physiological Responses to Deep Water Running at Thermoneutral Temperature.

Maximal Physiological Responses to Deep Water Running at Thermoneutral Temperature.

Aquatic-Based Rehabilitation and Training for the Elite Athlete

Physiological Responses and RPE during Underwater Treadmill Walking in Women of Middle and Advanced Age.

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