Pile driving zone of responsiveness extends beyond 20 km for harbor porpoises (<i>Phocoena phocoena</i> (L.))

Tougaard, Jakob; Carstensen, Jacob; Teilmann, Jonas; Skov, Henrik; Rasmussen, Per

doi:10.1121/1.3132523

Cited by 177 publications

(141 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…Target frequencies for 10-s scans carried out by the T-POD were evenly spaced between 50 and 150 kHz. After a 48-h test deployment, the optimal settings for detecting this species were determined to be similar to those which have previously been used for both harbor porpoises and Hector's dolphins (Rayment et al, 2009b;Tougaard et al, 2009). The highest detection rate (number of clicks detected by the T-POD per day) was seen in scans with a target frequency of 130 kHz, with declining detection rates in scans with other settings where the frequency of detected clicks was either less or greater than the target frequency in those scans.…”

Section: Data Processingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Using Static Acoustic Monitoring to Describe Echolocation Behaviour of Heaviside’s Dolphins (Cephalorhynchus heavisidii) in Namibia

Leeney¹,

Carslake²,

Elwen³

2011

Aquat Mamm

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Static acoustic monitoring is a cost-effective, low-effort means of gathering large datasets on echolocation click characteristics and habitat use by odontocetes. Heaviside's dolphins (Cephalorhynchus heavisidii) were monitored using an acoustic monitoring unit, the T-POD, in July 2008 at a site of known high abundance for this species in Walvis Bay, Namibia. The T-POD successfully detected clicks from Heaviside's dolphins, and these clicks were detected in the 120 to 140 kHz frequency range. A distinct diel pattern to the hourly mean inter-click interval was observed, with higher values during daylight hours than at night, suggesting that click trains are produced at faster rates at night time. There was no apparent diel pattern in the proportion of buzz trains produced, however. A diel pattern in click activity was observed, with many more detection-positive minutes per hour recorded between dusk and dawn, and vocalization activity dropping to low levels in the middle of the day. This corresponded with visual observations made on abundance of dolphins in the study area. These results suggest that Heaviside's dolphins use this site primarily during the night. Static acoustic monitoring proved to be an effective technique for monitoring patterns of habitat use by Heaviside's dolphins.

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Section: Data Processingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Using Static Acoustic Monitoring to Describe Echolocation Behaviour of Heaviside’s Dolphins (Cephalorhynchus heavisidii) in Namibia

Leeney¹,

Carslake²,

Elwen³

2011

Aquat Mamm

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“…Thus, several studies of these behavioural reactions to pile-driving noise have shown a large-scale displacement at distances be tween 18− 25 km. Tougaard et al (2009) found decreased detection rates at least 21 km at the Horns Rev I wind farm (monopile foundations), and a gradual decrease in responsiveness with distance up to about 18 km was reported by Brandt et al (2011) for the construction of Horns Rev II (monopiles). Porpoise detection rates around Horns Rev II based on acoustic loggers were reduced for a period of 24−72 h after the end of pile driving.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bubble curtains attenuate noise from offshore wind farm construction and reduce temporary habitat loss for harbour porpoises

Dähne¹,

Tougaard²,

Carstensen³

et al. 2017

Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser.

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Effects of constructing the DanTysk offshore wind farm (German Bight, 80 turbines, 6 m diameter foundations) were studied by passive acoustic monitoring of pile-driving noise and harbour porpoise Phocoena phocoena echolocation. An acoustic deterrence device (seal scarer) was used to protect porpoises from hearing loss and bubble curtains were used to attenuate the pile-driving noise. Porpoise occurrence, quantified by echolocation signals, decreased when the seal scarer was engaged, during pile driving and up to 5 h after pile driving stopped. This effect extended out to 12 km, less than the 18−25 km reported from other pile drivings performed without bubble curtains. The bubble curtains thus effectively reduced the temporary habitat loss and risk of hearing loss. The 2 bubble curtains each attenuated the noise by between 7 and 10 dB, when used separately, and 12 dB when used together. Attenuation was most pronounced above 1 kHz, where the pile-driving noise at larger distances was comparable to or lower than ambient noise. This suggests that noise regulation should be based on frequency-weighted sound levels in addition to broadband levels, to assure that mitigation measures are effective in reducing impact on animals and not only in fulfilling legal requirements. The strong reaction to the seal scarer raises concern that it may surpass the reactions to the pile-driving noise itself, when operating with bubble curtains, and calls for a re-evaluation of the specifications of seal scarer sounds.

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“…Marine mammals are relatively easily deterred by anthropogenic underwater noises [11]. Avoidance threshold levels of harbor porpoises have been determined for noise bands and tonal signals around 12 kHz, a continuous 50 kHz tone, and continuous and pulsed 70 and 120 kHz tones [12].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Avoidance threshold levels of harbor porpoises have been determined for noise bands and tonal signals around 12 kHz, a continuous 50 kHz tone, and continuous and pulsed 70 and 120 kHz tones [12]. Reference [11] studied the effects of underwater noise on marine mammals from driving 4.0m diameter steel mono-pile foundations for offshore wind turbines in the North Sea (Source Level 235 dB re 1 µPap-p at 1 m), by quantifying their echo-location activity. Reduced echo-location activity occurred at over 21.0 km from the pile driving site.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact Assessment of Offshore Pile Driving Noise on Red Sea Marine Mammals

Dawoud¹,

Negm²,

Saleh³

et al. 2016

IJESD

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Abstract-Red Sea is one of the most important repositories of the marine biodiversity in the world. Red Sea oil and gas reserves are estimated to be around 100 billion barrel of oil equivalent necistate the use of offshore structure to extract it. Most of offshore drilling rigs and production platforms are found on group of large diameter piles which are driving into sea bed producing high amount of underwater noise. Underwater noise emitted during pile construction can mask biologically relevant signals for marine mammals. This noise might lead to behavioral reactions, harassment, and at very high levels can injure or even kill the mammal. Range-dependent Acoustic Model, Rogers Model, was used to assess underwater noise propagation of offshore pile driving taking into account seabed bathymetry, temperature, and salinity. It was found that an offshore pile driven with 235 kJ rated energy diesel hammer can cause behavioral disturbance to the marine mammal within a distance of 1000 m from the pile location; temporary threshold shift within a distance of 30 m; permanent threshold shift within a distance of 50 m; and injury, or even death, within a distance of 20 m. I. INTRODUCTIONRed Sea is one of the most important repositories of the marine biodiversity in the world, it support populations for many species of marine mammals (about 15 species of dolphins and whales, and one dugong species). Red Sea Governorate tourism industry, which depends mainly on marinewildlife and recreation tourism, contributed significantly to the Egyptian economy in 2003 to reach about 10% of GDP and 4% of total employment [1]. At the same time, Red Sea oil and gas reserves are estimated to be around 100 billion barrel of oil equivalent. Kingdom of Saudi Arabia is planning to employ 200 drilling rigs in 2014 most of it will be in the Red Sea [2] which, in the absence of proper environmental studies, will affect significantly the Red-Sea eco-system. Most of offshore drilling rigs and production platforms are found on group of large diameter piles which are driving into sea bed. During pile driving; extremely high sound levels are produced in both the surrounding air and underwater environment. In terms of the underwater environment, field observations show peak acoustic pressures of 1.0 kPa measured at a range of 3000 m [3], around 10 kPa measured at a range of 60 m [4], and around 100 kPa measured at a range of 10 m [5] from the pile driving operation. Such pressures are known to produce deleterious effects on both fish and marine mammals [6].Underwater noise effects on marine mammals are of particular interest because marine mammals has a wide distribution area in the coastal waters of the Red Sea, acute hearing, and functional hearing over a very wide frequency range [7]-[10]. Marine mammals are relatively easily deterred by anthropogenic underwater noises [11]. Avoidance threshold levels of harbor porpoises have been determined for noise bands and tonal signals around 12 kHz, a continuous 50 kHz tone, and continuous and pulsed 70 and 1...

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Pile driving zone of responsiveness extends beyond 20 km for harbor porpoises (Phocoena phocoena (L.))

Cited by 177 publications

References 6 publications

Using Static Acoustic Monitoring to Describe Echolocation Behaviour of Heaviside’s Dolphins (Cephalorhynchus heavisidii) in Namibia

Using Static Acoustic Monitoring to Describe Echolocation Behaviour of Heaviside’s Dolphins (Cephalorhynchus heavisidii) in Namibia

Bubble curtains attenuate noise from offshore wind farm construction and reduce temporary habitat loss for harbour porpoises

Impact Assessment of Offshore Pile Driving Noise on Red Sea Marine Mammals

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