Plasma Paraoxonase, Health, Inflammatory Conditions, and Liver Function in Transition Dairy Cows

Abstract

Paraoxonase (PON) is a liver protein with hydrolase activity that is released into the blood stream. Paraoxonase may serve as an index of liver function because it is drastically reduced in chronic liver damage. Sixty-seven periparturient dairy cows were used to evaluate the relationship between plasma PON, health problems, inflammatory conditions, and liver function. Baseline plasma PON concentrations during the first 30 d in milk (DIM) were retrospectively used to group cows into quartiles. Metabolic profile, lipid metabolites (e.g., nonesterified fatty acids, beta-hydroxybutyrate), inflammatory indices (haptoglobin, ceruloplasmin), low and high density lipoprotein cholesterol, vitamin A, vitamin E, reactive oxygen metabolites, total antioxidants, and PON in plasma were measured 2 wk before to 8 wk after calving. Weekly milk yield, body condition score, and all health problems were recorded. After parturition (7 DIM), cows in the lower PON group had the lowest plasma concentrations of negative acute phase proteins compared with the higher PON group for retinol binding protein (23.2 +/- 2.86 vs. 36.0 +/- 2.96 microg/dL of vitamin A), albumin (31.6 +/- 0.73 vs. 33.9 +/- 0.75 g/L), total cholesterol (2.04 +/- 0.30 vs. 2.45 +/- 0.42 mmol/L), and the highest concentrations of haptoglobin (0.67 vs. 0.24 +/- 0.03 g/L; positive acute phase protein) and globulins (37.2 vs. 32.3 +/- 1.4 g/L). Plasma bilirubin was highest in the cows (10.1 vs. 6.2 +/- 0.6 micromol/L) in the lowest PON quartile. Plasma PON was negatively correlated with haptoglobin (r = -0.39) and bilirubin (r = -0.42) and positively correlated with retinol binding protein (r = 0.54), albumin (r = 0.38), and cholesterol (r = 0.55) fractions. A total of 82.3% of cows in the lower quartile and no cows in the upper quartile experienced serious inflammation. Lower quartile cows produced 28.1 +/- 10.3 kg of milk/d; whereas upper quartile cows produced 38.3 +/- 7.7 kg of milk/d during the first 30 DIM. A reduction in the ability of the liver to cope with the increased metabolic demand near parturition in dairy cows can be diagnosed using changes in baseline plasma PON.

Metabolic and biochemical changes in plasma of the periparturient rabbit does with different litter size

“…haptoglobin, ceruloplasmin, serum amyloid A) while, at the same time, it starts the decrease of common liver proteins (i.e. albumin, lipoprotein, retinol binding protein, cortisol binding globulin, PON) which are referred to as negative acute phase proteins (Gruys et al, 2005;Bionaz et al, 2007). In our study we observed a higher concentration of ceruloplasmin and a lower concentration of PON and cholesterol before parturition, which seems to support the presence of inflammatory conditions in the prepartum rabbit females.…”

“…Ions (K and Cl) were measured by the potentiometer method (ion-selective electrode connected to ILAB 650). Zn, NEFA and BHBA, were measured by the methods previously reported (Bionaz et al, 2007). Haptoglobin and ceruloplasmin were analysed using methods described in Skinner et al (1991) and Sunderman and Nomoto (1970), respectively, adapted to the ILAB 650 conditions.…”

“…ROMs were measured by a commercial kit (Diacron International s.r.l., Grosseto, Italy). PON was measured by the method of Ferré et al (2002) adapted to the ILAB 650, as previously described (Bionaz et al, 2007).…”

Evaluation of blood and milk oxidative status during early postpartum of dairy cows

“…As a consequence, the cow is unable to meet these energetic requirements (Taylor et al, 2003) and this results in negative energy balance (NEBAL) that begins few days before calving and usually reaches its nadir about 2 weeks later (Butler and Smith, 1989;Bell, 1995). In such a forced metabolic condition, an increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation may occur and, subsequently, oxidative stress may develop (Miller et al, 1993;Mudron et al, 1999;Bionaz et al, 2007).…”

“…As a consequence, the cow is unable to meet these energetic requirements (Taylor et al, 2003) and this results in negative energy balance (NEBAL) that begins few days before calving and usually reaches its nadir about 2 weeks later (Butler and Smith, 1989;Bell, 1995). In such a forced metabolic condition, an increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation may occur and, subsequently, oxidative stress may develop (Miller et al, 1993;Mudron et al, 1999;Bionaz et al, 2007).- E-mail: r.sciorsci@veterinaria.uniba.it 118 In physiologic conditions, living organisms have sophisticated antioxidant defence systems, both enzymatic and non-enzymatic, to counteract excessive ROS levels (Takata et al, 2002;Locher et al, 2011). Among non-enzymatic antioxidants, a-tocopherol (a-toc) and carotenoids need to be mentioned (Lindmark-Mansson and Akesson, 2000;Havemose et al, 2004).…”