Polyphenols-loaded electrospun nanofibers in bone tissue engineering and regeneration

Abstract

Bone is a complex structure with unique cellular and molecular process in its formation. Bone tissue regeneration is a well-organized and routine process at the cellular and molecular level in humans through the activation of biochemical pathways and protein expression. Though many forms of biomaterials have been applied for bone tissue regeneration, electrospun nanofibrous scaffolds have attracted more attention among researchers with their physicochemical properties such as tensile strength, porosity, and biocompatibility. When drugs, antibiotics, or functional nanoparticles are taken as additives to the nanofiber, its efficacy towards the application gets increased. Polyphenol is a versatile green/phytochemical small molecule playing a vital role in several biomedical applications, including bone tissue regeneration. When polyphenols are incorporated as additives to the nanofibrous scaffold, their combined properties enhance cell attachment, proliferation, and differentiation in bone tissue defect. The present review describes bone biology encompassing the composition and function of bone tissue cells and exemplifies the series of biological processes associated with bone tissue regeneration. We have highlighted the molecular mechanism of bioactive polyphenols involved in bone tissue regeneration and specified the advantage of electrospun nanofiber as a wound healing scaffold. As the polyphenols contribute to wound healing with their antioxidant and antimicrobial properties, we have compiled a list of polyphenols studied, thus far, for bone tissue regeneration along with their in vitro and in vivo experimental biological results and salient observations. Finally, we have elaborated on the importance of polyphenol-loaded electrospun nanofiber in bone tissue regeneration and discussed the possible challenges and future directions in this field.

Nanofibrous composite from polycaprolactone‐polyethylene glycol‐aloe vera as a promising scaffold for bone repairing

“…3 Regards, electrospun nanofibrous scaffolds have recently attracted considerable attention for bone tissue engineering due to the structural similarity to the natural ECM, lower production price, ability to use various materials, easy operation, and controllable process to modify the morphology and diameter of fibers. 4,5 Polycaprolactone (PCL) is a soft, aliphatic, and semicrystalline polyester which shows high solubility in organic solvents at low temperatures. 6 This nontoxic polymer is biodegradable through hydrolysis in the natural environment.…”

“…In most cases, bone repairing is a high cost and longtime treatment, so using reconstructive medicine like temporary and permanent tissue replacements has become very common especially in severe injuries 3 . Regards, electrospun nanofibrous scaffolds have recently attracted considerable attention for bone tissue engineering due to the structural similarity to the natural ECM, lower production price, ability to use various materials, easy operation, and controllable process to modify the morphology and diameter of fibers 4,5 …”

Enhanced osseointegration of dental implants with reduced graphene oxide coating

“…1 and 2 ). According to the Raman spectra, the I D /I G ratio revealed that rGO was successfully synthesized without the use of toxic chemicals; instead, we utilized a phytochemical (EGCG), one of the most abundant polyphenols found in green tea [ 43 ], in the reduction step. The I 2D /I G ratio of less than 1 indicates a multi-layered graphitic structure with the presence of few defect sites, revealed by a less intensity of the 2D band to G band [ 25 , 28 ].…”

Fabrication of Gelatin Nanofibers by Electrospinning—Mixture of Gelatin and Polyvinyl Alcohol

“…where λ = 2πλ ≈ (37.1 ± 14.1) m −1 [63]. The initial condition for this non-linear ordinary differential equation is u(0) = r 6 (0) (12) This condition represents the initial spherical drop in contact with the substrate. Practically, in most experiments of contact angle cases, the initial condition should start with a finite contact width r 0 ; therefore, the initial condition is u(0) = (r(0)) 6 = (r 0 ) 6 (13)…”

“…Slowly degradable polyphenols can be coated on orthopedic implants to promote bone regeneration. When added to nanofiber scaffolds, polyphenols even showed some antioxidant effects [12]. Silk fibroin nanofibers, a complicated natural hydrogel, are a respectable constituent in artificial skin, considering their exceptional biocompatibility [13].…”