2017
DOI: 10.1155/2017/3927106
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Portland Cement Hydration Behavior at Low Temperatures: Views from Calculation and Experimental Study

Abstract: Environmental condition affects the property of construction materials. This study gives an initial understanding of Portland cement hydration under low temperatures from the views of laboratory experiments (including electrical resistivity, degree of hydration (DoH), and maturity) as well as thermodynamic calculation. The hydrates of Portland cement at the given period were detected with X-ray diffraction (XRD), and their microstructure was observed by scanning electron microscope (SEM). Experiment result (i.… Show more

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Cited by 17 publications
(12 citation statements)
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“…Calcite formed on Surface 1 in Exposure 9 (40 °C) and a mixture of calcite and Ettringite in Exposure 4 (20 °C) and Exposure 10 (5 °C) (Figure 10a,b). The Ettringite formation was evident, particularly in the low temperature exposure (Figure 10c,d), also observed by others [30,31]). None of those three exposures supported internal self-healing, with only few calcite crystals being present in Cross-sections 1 and 2 for both Exposure 9 (40 °C) and 10 (5 °C).…”
Section: Resultssupporting
confidence: 87%
“…Calcite formed on Surface 1 in Exposure 9 (40 °C) and a mixture of calcite and Ettringite in Exposure 4 (20 °C) and Exposure 10 (5 °C) (Figure 10a,b). The Ettringite formation was evident, particularly in the low temperature exposure (Figure 10c,d), also observed by others [30,31]). None of those three exposures supported internal self-healing, with only few calcite crystals being present in Cross-sections 1 and 2 for both Exposure 9 (40 °C) and 10 (5 °C).…”
Section: Resultssupporting
confidence: 87%
“…OPC-based paste exposed to a temperature of −5 • C showed a hydration rate of 16.7% after 1 day and continued to hydrate to approximately 63.2% after 90 days, which is significantly lower in comparison with specimens cured at 20 • C (91.9%). Despite the low temperature of −5 • C, the hydration continued since the ions Ca 2+ , K + , Na + , OH − , and SO 4 2− present in the cement, which was dissolved in water, prevented ice formation to a certain extent [5]. However, in the solidified state, the formed ice expands by up to 9% in concrete causing significant stresses and strains on the pore walls of the concrete.…”
Section: Ordinary Portland Cement (Opc)-based Concretementioning
confidence: 99%
“…At lower temperatures its magnitude is reduced, and the setting time is elongated and the strength development is decreased by 20–40% [ 1 , 2 , 3 ]. During freezing, when the temperature drops around or below −4 °C, the moisture migrates within the binder matrix and ice starts to form hindering hydration processes and phase conversions of ettringite to monosulfate, as seen in Figure 1 a [ 4 , 5 , 6 ]. OPC-based paste exposed to a temperature of −5 °C showed a hydration rate of 16.7% after 1 day and continued to hydrate to approximately 63.2% after 90 days, which is significantly lower in comparison with specimens cured at 20 °C (91.9%).…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
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“…Keeping the concrete cylinders frozen at an early age could be very harmful and caused more damage to the concrete strength. The water in the concrete mix was frozen and the final product would be irreparably damaged because the temperature dipped too low [29]. Therefore, it is particularly important to protect concrete against freezing at an early age if possible, to complete the hydration process and gain most of the strength.…”
Section: Compressive Strengthmentioning
confidence: 99%