Potency of Garcinia mangostana L peel extract combined with demineralized freeze-dried bovine bone xenograft on IL-1β expression, osteoblasts, and osteoclasts in alveolar bone

Abstract

Background: Alveolar bone plays an important role in supporting dentures. One socket preservation procedure is the application of bone graft to the tooth socket immediately after extraction. The administration of Garcinia mangostana L peel extract combined with demineralized freeze-dried bovine bone xenograft (DFDBBX) is assumed to decrease the number of osteoclast cells and IL-1β expressions, while also increasing that of osteoblast cells. Purpose: This study aimed to establish the potency of Garcinia mangostana L peel extract combined with DFDBBX on interleukin 1β expressions, osteoclast cells, and osteoblast cells during the preservation of tooth extraction sockets. Methods: This research constituted experimental laboratory-based research using 56 Cavia cobayas as specimens with randomized factorial design (true experimental design). These subjects were divided into eight groups, given PEG, DFDBBX, mangosteen peel extract or a combination of mangosteen peel extract and DFDBBX, and subsequently anesthesized before their left mandibular incisors were extracted. Thereafter, the post-extraction sockets were treated with PEG, DFDBBX, mangosteen peel extract or a combination of mangosteen peel extract and DFDBBX. The sockets were examined by means of HE and immunohistochemical staining on days 7 and 30 after extraction. The data obtained was analyzed with a one-way ANOVA test. Results: The results of the one-way ANOVA test showed that the average number of osteoblasts, osteoclasts, and IL-1β expressions varied significantly between the groups. Conclusion: The combination of mangosteen peel extract and DFDBBX can potentially increase osteoblasts, while also decreasing osteoclasts and IL-1β expressions in the alveolar bones of Cavia cobaya.

The potential for induction of the expression of bone morphogenetic protein-7 and alkaline phosphatase in postextraction tooth sockets using a combination of mangosteen peel extract and DFDBBX

“…1-6). IL-1β as confirmed by research conducted by Kresnoadi et al (2017) and Azhar et al (2018). Therefore, mangosteen peel extract can prevent the impairment of osteoblast differentiation by NF-κB, TNF-α, and IL-1β and then increase the number of osteoblast cells as shown in the study conducted by Kresnoadi et al (2017).…”

“…Moreover, the demineralized and freeze-drying process in manufacturing DFDBBX increased its osteoinductive potential by exposing the BMP in DFDBBX to enhanced differentiation of mesenchymal cells to osteoblast cells and enhanced expression of BMP-7 in osteoblast cells. The expression of ALP in osteoblast on day 7 also increased and was significantly different from the control group, as the number of osteoblast cells in the group treated with DFDBBX in the study conducted by Azhar et al (2017) proliferated (Azhar et al, 2018). The expression of BMP-7 and ALP on day 30 was not significantly different compared to that of the control group since the osteoinductive properties of BMP in DFDBBX were unstable and affected by its carrier, temperature, pH, and other factors.…”

“…Fu et al (2014) defined the inhibition by isogarcinol in mangosteen peel extract of the expression of nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) through the inhibition of calcineurin as an activator of a transcription factor for inflammatory cytokine [Interleukin (IL)-6, IL-1β, and Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α)] and gene inflammatory inducible enzyme (iNos and COX-2). Moreover, the xanthone (α-mangostin and γ-mangostin) content of mangosteen peel extract also contributed to its anti-inflammatory properties since it inhibits the expression of TNF-α and IL-1 (Azhar et al, 2018). Furthermore, mangosteen peel extract inhibits the expression of TNF-α produced by the inflammatory response after tooth extraction; TNF-α prevents the differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells to osteoblast and osteoblastogenesis or preosteoblast to osteoblast through Wnt pathway or by activating Smurf to impede the BMP-2 pathway (Osta et al, 2014).…”

Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana Linn.) rind extract against Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans

“…Then the suspension of A. actinomycetemcomitans ATCC 43718 (5 µl) was put into all microwells in columns C and D. The microplate was then incubated at 37°C for 24 hours and measured turbidity level by using ELISA Reader (Epoch™ Microplate Spectrophotometer, United States). The determination of the MIC was measured using the formula for cell inhibition percentage 15 , with: Optical Density (OD) control obtained from OD(media, solvent, bacteria) reduced by OD(media, solvent); OD sample obtained from OD(media, testing material, bacteria) reduced by OD(media, testing material).…”

“…Then the filtrate was concentrated using a rotary evaporator so that a thick extract without ethanol were obtained. 12,14,15 Preparation of test bacteria Gram-negative bacterial cultures of A. actinomycetemcomitans ATCC 43718 were inoculated into Muller Hinton Broth (MHB) media. Subsequently, it was incubated for 48 hours at 37 0 C. Bacteria were inoculated into 0.9 ml NaCl solution as much as 3 ml.…”