Prebiotics in vitro digestion by gut microbes, products’ chemistry, and clinical relevance

Intestinal flora in the constipation patients before versus after lactulose intervention

“…In addition, SCFAs can also lower the intestinal pH, which is beneficial for the growth of lactobacillus and Bifidobacteria , and inhibit pathogenic bacteria (such as Bacteroides, Enterobacter, Clostridium perfringens, Salmonella enteritidis , and Salmonella typhi ), thereby optimizing the intestinal microenvironment. [29,30] Our study showed that these bacteria might be the key pathogens of constipation. It is speculated that individuals in the FC patients have less SCFA-producing bacteria and SCFAs, which causes constipation.…”

Prebiotic peptides, their formation, fermentation in the gut, and health implications

“…[XOS]), metabolized by the colonic microbes like Saccharomyces, bifidobacteria, eubacteria, and lactobacilli; certain compounds like proteins, unsaturated fatty acids, flavonoids, microelements, and macroelements also demonstrated prebiotic properties. [4][5][6][7][8] For peptides with prebiotic properties, fewer studies have been conducted. These prebiotics may be present naturally or produced artificially.…”

“…Prebiotics are beyond indigestible food ingredients that provide the host some health benefits by selectively stimulating colonic bacteria activity. A recent definition consensually promulgated by the International Scientific Association of Probiotics and Prebiotics (ISAPP) in London (United Kingdom), regards a prebiotic as “a substrate that is selectively utilized by host microorganisms conferring a health benefit.” 3 Apart from the most popular prebiotics such as the enzymatically indigestible oligosaccharides (e.g., fructooligosaccharides [FOS], galactooligosaccharides [GOS], inulin and xylooligosaccharides [XOS]), metabolized by the colonic microbes like Saccharomyces , bifidobacteria, eubacteria, and lactobacilli; certain compounds like proteins, unsaturated fatty acids, flavonoids, microelements, and macroelements also demonstrated prebiotic properties 4‐8 . For peptides with prebiotic properties, fewer studies have been conducted.…”

Xylooligosaccharides produced from sugarcane leaf arabinoxylan using xylanase from Aureobasidium pullulans NRRL 58523 and its prebiotic activity toward Lactobacillus spp.

“…The major heteropolysaccharide in sugarcane leaves is xylan, which has been highlighted as the precursor for production of xylooligosaccharides (XOs) [ [16] , [17] , [18] ]. XOs are oligomers of two to ten xylose units which are non-digestible and applicable as functional food additives since they have been reported to enhance the growth of beneficial probiotic bacteria and suppress harmful pathogens in the gastrointestinal tract [ [19] , [20] , [21] ]. XOs can be produced through xylan hydrolysis using either an enzymatic or chemical process.…”