“…Urine has been used with great clinical benefit as a source of reporter molecules for urine and nonurinary tract diseases (Blau et al, 1989;Bonn, 2004;Goldstein et al, 2004;Mangan, 2005). Urine-based tests are noninvasive and patient-friendly, and they can be used to monitor nonurinary tract site disorders such as diabetes and hypertension as well as other conditions, such as pregnancy (Suzuki et al, 1999;Goldstein et al, 2004;Mangan, 2005). Advances in molecular biomarker research and our previous findings that tumorderived DNA in the circulation can be detected in urine (Botezatu et al, 2000;Iwaki et al, 2004;Quek et al, 2004;Su et al, 2004aSu et al, , 2004bGrossman et al, 2005;Lin et al, 2011;Song et al, 2012;Jain et al, 2015;Hann et al, 2017) have provided the opportunity to use urine as the biological fluid of choice to detect cancer-related molecular markers present in the circulation.…”