Prime–boost vaccination with a fowlpox vector and an inactivated avian influenza vaccine is highly immunogenic in Pekin ducks challenged with Asian H5N1 HPAI

Comparison of single 1-day-old chick vaccination using a Newcastle disease virus vector with a prime/boost vaccination scheme against a highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 challenge

“…Boosting the rNDV-H5 immune response by an inactivated vaccine clearly increased AIV-specific immunity as well as the level of AI protection. The higher and broader protection induced by a heterologous prime/boost scheme observed here with a NDV vector confirmed previous observations reported with fowlpox vector Steensels et al, 2009;Wei et al, 2010). Our results suggest that this high level of protection might be achieved by inducing a combination of systemic and mucosal antibody as well as cellular immune responses.…”

“…This could be explained by the origin of the HA gene inserted in the NDV vector originating from the H5N1 A/Turkey/1/2005 strain, which has higher identity to the Hungarian clade 2 H5N1 challenge antigen. Similar broader humoral immunity was observed previously after heterologous prime/boost vaccination scheme using a fowlpox vector (Steensels et al, 2009). This may be due to the use of two different haemagglutinins in the prime and the boost vaccines, the immune response after the second vaccination being directed only against the cross-reactive epitopes conserved between the two HAs van den Berg et al, 2008;Wang et al, 2010).…”

“…The oropharyngeal and cloacal swabs were harvested and RNA was extracted as described previously (Ferreira et al, 2012). The H5N1 HPAI RNA was detected by real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction targeting the matrix (M) gene of avian influenza (Spackman et al, 2002) and quantification was done relative to a standard curve based on 10-fold dilutions of an in vitro transcribed RNA template (Steensels et al, 2009). The results were expressed as the number of M gene copies per millilitre of swab samples.…”

Safety and efficacy of an inactivated Carbopol-adjuvanted goose haemorrhagic polyomavirus vaccine for domestic geese

“…The most challenging issue is the duration of the serological response, since the antibody response is well known for being weaker and shorter in waterfowl than in chickens (Higgins, 1996). This problem recently arose in the vaccination campaign of ducks against highly pathogenic influenza virus H5N1 (Steensels et al, 2009). Further trials will be necessary to assess a protective response during a whole laying period of breeder geese, even though in this species the laying period is remarkably short (i.e.…”

Effect of biosecurity measures and early detection systems, mitigation measures and surveillance strategies on the spread of HPAI and LPAI between farms

“…The European Food Safety Authority reserves its rights, view and position as regards the issues addressed and the conclusions reached in the present document, without prejudice to the rights of the authors. (Sheff, 2006) Study population Territory ) Territory (Shoji et al, 2009) Not relevant outcomes (Siddique et al, 2012) Territory (Siembieda et al, 2010) Not relevant outcomes (Simulundu et al, 2011) Territory (Simulundu et al, 2009) Territory (Sitaras et al, 2014) Not relevant outcomes (Skowronski et al, 2007) Study population (Slomka et al, 2007) Not relevant outcomes (Slomka et al, 2009) Not relevant outcomes (Slusher et al, 2014) Not relevant outcomes (Smietanka et al, 2005) Language Study population (Sonnberg et al, 2012) Territory (Spackman and Pantin-Jackwood, 2014) Not relevant outcomes ) Territory ) Territory (Stachyra et al, 2014) Not relevant outcomes (Stallknecht et al, 2010) Not relevant outcomes Not relevant outcomes (Steensels et al, 2009) Not relevant outcomes (Stegeman et al, 2004) Time interval (Suarez Fernandez, 2009) Language (Suárez Fernández, 2009) Language (Suarez et al, 2006) Territory (Suarez, 2005) Not relevant outcomes (Suenaga and Kumar, 2014) Not relevant outcomes (Sultana et al, 2012) Territory (Sun et al, 2011a) Not relevant outcomes (Sun et al, 2011b) Not relevant outcomes (Sun et al, 2014) Study population The present document has been produced and adopted by the bodies identified above as authors. This task has been carried out exclusively by the authors in the context of a contract between the European Food Safety Authority and the authors, awarded following a tender procedure.…”