Propaganda Revisited: Understanding Propaganda in the Contemporary Communication Oriented World

Abstract

Propaganda had always remained a very important tool to influence others. Many researchers had worked and synthesized the concept of propaganda. But there was still a lot to be done as the contemporary propaganda industries had given this phenomenon a very subtle structure. This particular research study aimed to analyze the propaganda definitions set forth by various propaganda researchers to develop a comprehensive definition of the concept. For this purpose definitions provided by thirty different propaganda scholars had been analyzed to identify various elements of propaganda. Fourteen most frequently occurring elements were identified. On the basis of these elements, a comprehensive definition of propaganda was constructed to enhance the propaganda literature of Pakistan, which was the target of international propaganda from last couple of decades. This research paper would open new horizons for Pakistani researchers in the field of propaganda.

A Working Definition of Fake News

“…However, unlike fake news, propaganda always follows an ideological or partisan agenda, promoting positive or negative aspects of a particular party, government, or politician. Fake news creators can do the same, but they do not have to follow a certain ideology, nor have the motivation to manipulate attitudes or challenge beliefs, as is required by propaganda [74]. We know that, many times, the goal of creators is exclusively to earn money through digital advertising [40,75,76], or even for fun and approval in a certain social media [77][78][79].…”

Приемы Пропаганды В Новостных Интернет-Мемах Мессенджера Телеграм

“…Совокупность традиционных и современных трактовок концепта «пропаганда» [Manzoor, Safdar, Zaheen 2019] позволяет описать его как комплексное и системное воздействие на представителей социальных групп для обеспечения доминирования определенной доктрины над конкурирующими аналогами. Первую их этих характеристик мы связываем с сочетанием трех ключевых механизмов: убеждения -воздействия на основе логики и аргументов, внушения -навязывания позиции на фоне предварительного снижения критичности восприятия, манипулирования -стимуляции к упрощенным и неверным суждениям путем акцентирования на несущественных или на несуществующих деталях в ущерб тем, что необходимы для взвешенных умозаключений.…”